Wolemba ndakatulo Tomás Eliot: Wambiri, zilandiridwenso

Thomas Stearns Eliot - American ndakatulo anachokera ku dziko la Missouri (St. Louis). Mu 1922 anasindikiza ndakatulo yake yotchuka "The Zinyalala Land." ntchito imeneyi Ezara, samafuna wakeyo ndi mnzake, wotchedwa yaitali olembedwa ndakatulo English. Ndipo T. Eliot anapambana Nobel Prize m'chaka cha 1948.

Magwero a ndakatulo iyi

Thomas Stearns Eliot anabadwa mu banja lalikulu. Iye anali mwana wamng'ono. A makolo a ndakatulo mbali bambo ake anali Rev. U. G. Eliot, amene anayambitsa St. Louis Washington University. Ndi makolo akuchikazi a Eliot Ayzek Sternz amadziwika kuti mmodzi wa oyamba anasamukira ku Massachusetts.

Genri Uer Eliot, bambo Thomas anali wolemera industrialist ndi Charlotte Stearns, amake - mkazi wa zolembalemba amphatso ndi ophunzira. Iye analenga sewero ndime, komanso yonena za U. G. Eliota.

nthawi maphunziro, ntchito oyambirira

Thomas anayamba kulemba ndakatulo pa zaka khumi ndi zinayi. ntchito zake zoyambirira ikusonyezedwa ndi kukopa ntchito za Omar Khayyam. Ngati zonse avant-garde ndakatulo, achinyamata Thomas anali woukira, zonyoza dziko ano. Komabe patapita vuto lenileni linali chilengedwe cha mzimu mavuto mlembi. Thomas ndinkadabwa njira zoopsa zimene zimachititsa moyo wa anthu. ndakatulo movutika anadutsa ndi mphamvu zodabwitsa.

Kumapeto kwa sukulu payekha inali ku St. Louis, Thomas anapitiriza maphunziro ake pa Massachusetts College of payekha. Chaka chotsatira, mu 1906, iye analembetsa University Harvard. Chapadera luso wophunzira kwa zaka zitatu, maphunziro maphunziro. M'chaka chachinayi, analandira digiri mbuye.

Ndi nthawi iyi kulemba ndakatulo mu "Harvard advoket", lolembedwa ndi Eliot anali ku 1909 kuti 1910. Kenako anapita ku Paris, kumene anakaphunzira ku nkhani pa Sorbonne. Elliott anakumana ndi mabuku French, ndi Symbolist ndakatulo. Ophiphiritsa chidwi kumuchitira pa Harvard. Tomás Eliot kuwerenga Jules Laforgue, woyambitsa amene amatanthauza kukuchititsa zimenezi. Komanso, anachita chidwi ndi buku la "The gulu la ophiphiritsa m'mabuku" A. Simons. Ndi kwambiri chitukuko cha Eliot wolemba ndakatulo.

kusankha kudzipereka kwake kwa mabuku

Tikaonanso Harvard mu 1911, Thomas anayamba kulemba nkhani yolembedwa zoyenera F. G. Bredli, English idealist nzeru za anthu. Iye anaphunzira Chibuda ndi Chisansikiriti. maphunziro Sheldonian kwa Tomás Eliot anapita ku Germany ndi England. Mu Oxford, Merton College, komwe anaphunzitsa Bradley, iye anaphunzira mbalume. Pambuyo kukayika kwambiri ndi mukukayikira Eliot anaganiza kuti adzipereke moyo wake mabuku, kotero iye sanapite ku kuteteza nkhani yolembedwa wake pa Harvard. Thomas anakhalabe mu London kumene iye analemba ndakatulo. Ena mwa iwo, ndi thandizo la Wyndham Lewis ndi Ezara, samafuna inafalitsidwa mu 1915.

Eliot anali yopezera zofunika pa moyo, kuchita za chiphunzitso chaka, kenako anatumikira ku banki, "Lloyd" kalaliki. Mu 1925, wolemba ndakatulo anayamba kugwira ntchito "Faber Guayer Mapeto", poyamba ngati mkonzi zolembalemba wa yosindikiza nyumba, ndipo kenako mmodzi wa atsogoleri a kampani.

banja loyamba

Tomás Eliot anakwatira mu 1915. Iwo wakhala wokondedwa Viven Heyvud. Ngakhale kuti ukwati wokhu-, banjali akhalira limodzi kwa zaka naintini. Vivien pambuyo lithe ndili m'chipatala bongo. Iye anafa apa mu 1947.

The ntchito m'magazini ya ntchito watsopano

Mu nthawi kuchokera 1917 mpaka 1919, Thomas ntchito mu magazini "Egoist" kazembe mkonzi. ndakatulo wake woyamba unayamba kuonekera angapo periodicals, kuphatikizapo "Catholic anthology" E. mapaundi. Apa, ntchito zake zinatuluka mu 1915. Mu "Hogarth Press" Leonard ndi Virdzhiniya Vulf ikani ziwiri zosonkhanitsira atsopano a ndakatulo ndi Thomas - "Prufrock ndi kuyang'anila zina" (1917) ndi "ndakatulo" (1919). Anthu analengedwa mchikakamizo cha Laforgue ntchito amalembedwa amakhumudwa kwenikweni.

Woyamba ndakatulo chapadera cha TS Eliot anakhala "Chikondi Song J. Alfred Prufrock." Iwo analanda zothandiza, kukongoletsa, aulemu, kuphatikizapo ngwazi, amenenso wovutika kulankhula, ndipo ndi wokayikakayika, makamaka akazi. Ntchito imeneyi ndi yosaiwalika mu ndakatulo za zana la 20. Pa tanthauzo la ndakatulo yolembedwa ndi otsutsa ambiri, ndi George. Berryman, American ndakatulo, kuti chinali masiku ano ndakatulo akuyamba ndi izo.

TS Eliot - wotsutsa

Pamodzi ndi kutchuka kukula kwa TS Eliot wolemba ndakatulo ndi adanenetsa mbiri yake monga wotsutsa zolembalemba. Kuyambira mu 1919, Thomas ndi gawo lochititsa zonse kwa enaake zolembalemba kwa "Times" ( "Times litereri sapplment"). Anaonekera mndandanda wake wa nkhani wodzipereka kwa Jacobin ndi Elizabethan sewero. Pamodzi ndi ena, iwo anakhala mbali ya mndandanda wa ntchito za TS Eliot, "Woyera Wood" (1920). Mu nkhani yapadera ya Dante, Shakespeare, Marlowe, Dryden, George Herbert, John Donne, Andrew Marvell wolemba anali kuyesera kuti abwerere ku moyo ndakatulo, amene, mu maganizo ake, ndi ntchito yaikulu ndiponso kupirira kutsutsa. malingaliro ambiri anali amasonyezedwa kenako Eliot "Krayterione" yovuta mokwanira otchuka magazini, yomwe imafalitsidwa kanayi pachaka mu nthawi kuchokera 1922 mpaka 1939

"The Zinyalala Land"

Mu 1922 Tomás Eliot lofalitsidwa ndakatulo yake yotchuka. Monga taonera kale, wakhala dzina lake mwa ndakatulo yaitali analengedwa mu Chingerezi. Ezra mapaundi zikusonyeza hyperbola ake (pambuyo mankhwala imakhala yokha ya mizere 434) ndi kuchuluka kwa ndakatulo amanena ndende mu ndakatulo imeneyi. Mwa njira, mapaundi nawo kusintha ntchito. Iye anadula buku yomaliza ya ndakatulo ndi za lachitatu.

Ambiri otsutsa odziwika ndikukhulupirira kuti ntchito yabwino kuti analenga Tomás Eliot - "The Zinyalala Land." Iwo wasinthira chitukuko zina mwa ndakatulo. mankhwala idzafotokoza 5. Ogwirizana ndi mitu ya kukokoloka kwa mfundo ndi osabereka. The ndakatulo, izi zikusonyeza kukhumudwa ndi kukaikira za nthawi unawonongedwa, anafotokoza maganizo a nthawi imeneyo.

Ubatizo ndi nzika British

T. S. Eliot mu 1927 chidakupangitsani anabatizidwa mu Mpingo Anglican. Pa nthawi yomweyo anali nzika British. Tomás Eliot, amene ndakatulo anali kale wotchuka mu oyamba kwa deta wake wa essays yakuti "Mu Kuteteza Lancelot Andrews," amadzitcha yekha classicist mabuku, zipembedzo ndi anglokatolikom royalist ndale. Thomas ankaphunzira chidwi mu chikhalidwe English. M'kalasi ngakhale amanenela nthabwala ku England paliponse, kupatula mtundu ndi ka. Choncho, mogwirizana ndi zolinga zake British nzika. Komabe, kusintha kwa Eliot Church of England ndi kuchoka ku miyambo ya Unitarianism, kutengeramo banja lake, ngakhale kuti kukwanira akufunika mfundo momveka bwino komanso okhwima abwino (Thomas anali Oyeretsa choyambiriracho).

Mu ndakatuloyi, Eliot a "Ash Lachitatu" (1930) anasonyeza ndikuwawa mtima amene amalembedwa wolalikira wake. Panthawi imeneyi kumasokoneza ubongo ndi ozindikira Thomas anawamasulira ndakatulo "Anabasis" Saint-Yohane Perse (mu 1930). Ntchito imeneyi ndi mtundu wa mbiri wauzimu wa anthu.

masewero Eliot

Mu 1930, Thomas analemba sewero ndakatulo "Kupha ku Cathedral ndi" (1935) ndi "Stone" (1934). Ntchito izi munalengedwa zisudzo achipembedzo. Choyamba mwa zinthuzi ndi makhalidwe aumunthu. nkhani yake - mavuto a St. T. Beckett. Ndakatulo akuganiza masewero yabwino TS Eliot. Ndi bwino zikuluzikulu zinali m'mabwalo mu US ndi Europe.

Masewero Elliott za moyo wamasiku ano, monga "Banja Reunion" Madzulo Paphwando "," Mlembi Private "ndi" Anthu okalamba States "(1939, 1950, 1954 ndi 1959, motero) ndi chochepa zogwirizana Thomas sangathe kwambiri kudzaza mutu tsoka wakale. zili ano. Komabe, "Madzulo omwera" panthawiyo anali ndi kupambana kwakukulu mu masewera ili pa mbali zonse za Atlantic.

Ndakatulo 1940 ndi Nobel Prize

Mu 1940, Thomas analemba ndakatulo monga "East Coker" (1940), "Nsembe Norton", "kuuma Selveydzhes" (zonse mu 1941), "Little Gidding" (1942) ndi "Zinayi zamitundumitundu" ( mu 1943). otsutsa ambiri amavomereza ntchito za okhwima kwambiri ntchito Eliot a. Aliyense wa iwo akuganiza, motsogozedwa ndi malo amene wolemba analemba ziweruzo za nthawi, mbiri, chikhalidwe cha chinenero, kukumbukira munthu.

Eliot Thomas, yemwe mabuku akhala anazindikira padziko lonse, anapambana Nobel Prize m'chaka cha 1948. Anders Esterling, membala wa Swedish Academy, anatsindika pa mawu ake kuti ndakatulo Thomas ndi chuma cha "daimondi sharpness" kuti osaitanidwa mu chikumbumtima mbadwo wamakono.

ukwati yachiwiri ndi imfa ya ndakatulo iyi

Mu 1957 anakwatira EV Fletcher Tomás Eliot. yonena wake itha mu 1965, pamene iye anamwalira ali ndi zaka 76. TS Eliot anaikidwa East Coker.

The zifukwa za kutchuka Eliot

N'chifukwa chiyani ntchito za Thomas Eliot adakali chidwi kuti ambiri? Pali zifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Chief pakati pawo n'chakuti wolemba umenewu wakhala renovator yaikulu ya ndakatulo. Ndakatulo mu English anawamasulira TS Eliot Jimenez, Montale ndi Seferis. Ndi 1969, ntchito Thomas amasuliridwa mu zilankhulo zazikulu European, komanso Chinese, Japanese, Chiudu, Hindi, Arabic, ndi zina zotero. D. Ndipo masiku ano buku lililonse ku America kapena England bukhu la ndakatulo ano, monga ulamuliro, limayamba nkhani yolembedwa pa tanthauzo la TS Eliot, chopereka chachikulu wapereka kuti chitukuko cha zilandiridwenso mawu.

Kuvuta kwa amaonera zinthu Eliot

Kumvetsa ndakatulo mu English ndi wolemba amenewa sikophweka, monga kumasulira ntchito zake. Mfundo yakuti Eliot ndi elitist ndakatulo. ntchito zake osati watsopano kwathunthu mu dziko la ndakatulo. Mu ntchito yake Thomas sanali chodetsa nthawi. Nthawi zonse akatulukire kwa yankho la mavuto ndi luso latsopano.

Dala elitism, ndi avant-garde chikhalidwe cha ntchito ya wolemba ili patsogolo chakuti ntchito zake ndi zovuta kumvetsa. Vuto loyamba lagona mu nzeru zovuta. wolemba kutenga mafunso ofunikawa za moyo wa munthu. Eliot amatchula ntchito ake atsopano mfundo zokongoletsa ndi nzeru za anthu. Sanangowamvera kuzindikira fanizo awo luso. Wolemba ndakatulo yekha akuyesera kuti apeze njira zothetsera mavuto osiyanasiyana.

Vuto chachiwiri kwagona kuti udindo wapadera mu sewero kumatikumbutsabe kulenga wake, allusions, akupangira ndi zina zotero. Ichi chizathandiza ndakatulo kukankhira mu ntchito zake pa anthu ndi mibadwo yosiyana, osati kusonyeza kuzindikira atsopano a dziko, koma amasonyeza ubale wao ndi zina zochitika chikhalidwe ndi m'mbuyomu. Choncho, Mabaibulo a ntchito za wolemba izi kawirikawiri anapatsidwa ndemanga mwatsatanetsatane.

Wachitatu Mbali luso Eliot, amene complicates kumvetsa ake, zimaphatikizapo mtengo waukulu, umene Choncho amalipira mawonekedwe. Mwachitsanzo, mankhwala "anai Four" ali osiyana melodic chiwembu chimene akuti ndi kuzindikira kwake Eliot Beethoven (kapena kani, zamitundumitundu wake).

Izo zikhoza kukhala nthawi yaitali kulankhula za maonekedwe a ntchito za Eliot. Komabe, mu nkhani ina sikutheka kuphimba chidwi ndi kwambiri choyambirira luso chodabwitsa. M'pofunika kwambiri kuti, chifukwa TS Eliot Kuvuta si mapeto palokha. Zinali kuwonetsera kwa zosiyanasiyana mavuto sanali muyezo wa ndakatulo yomwe iye anakonza ndi kuthetsedwa.

Buku ili pafupi amphaka

Koma si nthawi zonse TS Eliot ndi zovuta kuzimvetsa, sikuti ntchito elitist. Zingakhale pang'ono zosayembekezereka, koma ziweto ndi chidwi andakatulo monga Tomás Eliot. Amphaka akhala atchulidwa zosonkhanitsira wake wotchuka wa ndakatulo, lofalitsidwa mu 1939 ( "Popular Science za amphaka ..."). Ntchito m'gulu izo kuti analengedwa mu 1930. Zinalembedwa kuti godchildren TS Eliot.

Pakali pano, chopereka mwina buku odziwika bwino kwambiri za amphaka a dziko. Iye amadziwa zonse kuonera nyama. A gawo lalikulu la chopereka odziwika anabweretsa nyimbo "Amphaka" E. L. Vebbera, wolalikidwa pa malo ake.