Kodi kubereketsa zomera ndiponso umuna zomera maluwa? Kuti maluwa zomera khoma n'kuwasanganiza akufotokozera?

Maluwa zomera ndi lalikulu ndi osiyanasiyana gulu, lalikulu pakati pa zachilengedwe zimadalirana kwambiri lapansi. Ku chachikulu maluwa zomera nalo munthu, zimatengera kuti ulipodi. Koma kuti maluwa zomera anaonekera, iwo ayenera kudutsamo siteji ya kubereketsa zomera ndiponso umuna. Monga izo zimachitika, kuwerenga nkhaniyi.

kubereketsa zomera

Zimenezi ndi kulanda mungu stamens pa munsi. Kodi kubereketsa zomera ndiponso umuna zomera maluwa? Izi zachitika m'njira ziwiri: kudziletsa kubereketsa zomera ndiponso mtanda kubereketsa zomera. Mbali yoyamba, kulanda mbewu mungu pa pistil kumachitika mu umodzi ndi maluwa. Choncho mungu mtola kapena tulips. Pamene mtanda kubereketsa zomera za duwa mungu zomera munthu umasamutsidwa ku pistil mzake. Zomera mungu kwambiri ndi tizilombo, mu nthawi zina - mphepo (ndi mabango ndi birch), mbalame ndi madzi.

Chifukwa cha kubereketsa zomera ndi tizilombo anapanga owala, zooneka kwambiri maluwa ndi fungo osangalatsa ndi nectaries yotulutsa madzi okoma. Ngakhale mitengo imeneyi kupanga kwambiri mungu. Ndi chakudya tizilombo. Iwo amakopeka ndi mitundu yowala ndi fungo la maluwa. Tizilombo amachotsedwa timadzi tokoma, iwo kukhudza pamwamba pa mbewu umuna, amene n'kudziphatika kwa thupi lawo, ndipo pa njira yopita ku duwa la chomera china, pomwepo pistil lapansi. Ndipo mungu ndi tizilombo. Ambiri maluwa zomera ndi mungu tizilombo chokha choona: yafungo wopera - njenjete, zoyera clover - njuchi, ndi dambo - ndi bumblebee.

Cross-mungu wochokera zomera bwino ndinazolowera zikhalidwe zikusintha chilengedwe. Koma ndondomeko kubereketsa zomera Pankhaniyi kumatengera zifukwa zingapo. A kudziletsa kubereketsa zomera sikudalira chilichonse. Pakuti si mantha nyengo zinthu ndi kupanda intermediaries.

umuna

Mungu mbewu kugwa pa manyazi a pang'onopang'ono wayamba kumera. Ku maselo vegetative ndi chitukuko cha yaitali mungu chubu. Kukula, akafika msinkhu wa malo n'kuwasanganiza, ndiyeno ovule. Imodzi, awiri spermatozoon kuti likulowerera mungu chubu. Iye, nayenso pyltsevhodu akulowa ovule. Ndiye chubu pa nsonga ndi wosweka ndi akumasula umuna wamwamuna, amene nthawi yomweyo anatumiza kwa khungu embryonic, umatchedwa thumba. Apa zikukwaniritsidwa dzira.

Komanso pali oocyte umuna ndi umuna wina ndi mapangidwe zygote, kuchokera umene amayamba Ndisanaumbidwe yaing'ono kwathunthu chamoyo latsopano chiyambi mbewu. Pa nthawi yomweyo pali maphatikizidwe ndi wachiwiri umuna phata la zygote kapena mitima kumalo ozizira. Chifukwa ndi selo triploid imene endosperm amapezeka. Njirayi imatchedwa minofu michere, lomwe lili ndi nkhokwe ya zipangizo ofunikira wabwinobwino wa Ndisanaumbidwe mbewu m'tsogolo. Ndi matupi anapereka kubereka zomera maluwa.

Pamene umuna ndi dzira, ndi zina, ndi mtima kumalo ozizira kuphatikiza pamodzi, njira yotchedwa awiri umuna. Ndi khalidwe chabe la maluwa ndi wapadera mbali ya angiosperms. The ovule ukala umasanduka mbewu. Chifukwa, ndi n'kuwasanganiza limakula munsi. Mu maluwa zomera khoma n'kuwasanganiza wa mwana wosabadwayo osauka.

kubalana

chomera chilichonse, kufika kukula zina ndi atakhoza gawo loyenera chitukuko, wayamba kubereka zamoyo wa mtundu uwu panopa. Izi ndi kubereka, zomwe ndi mbali yofunika ya moyo. zamoyo zonse Choncho kupitiriza kuli mitundu. Kusiyanitsa pakati pa kugonana ndi kubereka asexual, amene akutenga malo ndi nawo limodzi la munthu. Pamene zomera kukhala ndi maselo apadera - spores, zamoyo anayamba kuchulukana.

Izi ndi zina mwa ndere, algae, Mumapezekanso, kalabu ndere, ndi horsetails. Kusamvana ndi wapadera maselo ang'onoang'ono ndi phata ndi cytoplasm, amene ali lokutidwa. Iwo kupirira nthawi yaitali zikhalidwe osauka. Koma, pakulowa mu chilengedwe yabwino, mofulumira kumera ndipo anayamba kupanga zomera mwana amene katundu musati amasiyana kholo la.

Mu kubereka maselo mwamuna ndi mkazi nyongolosi ndi ophatikizidwa, chifukwa mu mapangidwe zamoyo wocheperapo, qualitatively osiyana makolo a. Pali otanganidwa kale zamoyo makolo mfundo amuna ndi akazi.

Kapangidwe ndi chitukuko cha mbewu ovule

Monga mbali ya ovule lalikulu udindo makrosporangy. Kuti chichitike kuika selo mayi limene anapanga makrospory. Atatu a iwo anayamba kufa, ndipo pamapeto pake, kuwonongedwa. makrospora wachinayi - chosalimba, izo lengthens ndi phata ake ukugawa. Pamenepo gulu la mtima wamkazi mu mizati osiyana selo elongated mawonekedwe. Aliyense apange phata akadali ukugawa kawiri.

Maselo ili pafupi ndi mitengoyo zosiyanasiyana, popangidwa ndi mitima anayi. Zimenezi zimatchedwa Ndisanaumbidwe sac muli mtima haploid kuchuluka kwa ndalama zisanu ndi zitatu. Akubwera kuchokera iliyonse mitima anayi pa chimodzi cha izo kenako malo a mwana wosabadwayo sac. Kodi iwo kuphatikiza, chifukwa mu sekondale phata -diploidnoe.

Ndiye thumba embryonic mu cytoplasm ndi mtima anapanga pakati partitions pa mlingo ma. Thumba amakhala maselo zisanu ndi ziwiri. Pafupifupi wa mitengo yake yonyamulira ndi dzira zida, limene lili ndi dzira lalikulu ndi awiri maselo othandiza. Pa mtengo ena anakonza maselo antipodes, onse atatu a iwo. Choncho, mu thumba tsopano asanu haploid maselo ndi diploid wina, ndi phata sekondale. Ndi ili mu mzinda wa mwana wosabadwayo sac.

Kodi n'kuwasanganiza?

Njirayi imatchedwa m'munsi unakhuthala gawo ndi munsi mu M'mimbamo chatsekedwa, amene nyumba ovules. Mungu kugwa kuchokera manyazi a pistil mu ovule, amene kutetezedwa ku zinthu chowawa wa M'mimbamo mkati lonyowa. The ovule ndi chitukuko cha wamkazi nyongolosi maselo - oocytes.

Zomera maluwa, mpanda wa n'kuwasanganiza akufotokozera zipatso ndi mbewu. The n'kuwasanganiza a maluwa ndi multilocular ndi unilocular. Mbali yoyamba izo lagawidwa chisa partitions, ndipo chachiwiri - palibe. N'kuwasanganiza zomera maluwa ndi anagawa mu seeded ndi polyspermous. Izo zimatengera chiwerengero cha ovules izi: kuchokera nthuza Mwachitsanzo - wina, pamene poppy - kwambiri.

ndi thumba losunga mazira ndi chiyani?

Mitundu ya mazira zomera maluwa ndi:

• Upper. Ndi cholandirira yakwera momasuka, zikulire pamodzi ndi mabungwe ena duwa. N'kuwasanganiza khoma anapangidwa kuchokera carpels. Mu maluwa zomera khoma n'kuwasanganiza wa mwana wosabadwayo osauka. Chitsanzo ndi buttercup ndi mbewu monga chimanga. mitundu zimenezi zimatchedwa mbali ya hypogynous kapena okolopestichnyh.
• M'munsi n'kuwasanganiza nthawi zonse cholandirira. Inakhalapo ndi nawo m'madipatimenti ena a maluwa: m'munsi mwa sepals ndi pamakhala ndi stamens kuti maluwa ambiri amagwira pamwamba pa n'kuwasanganiza lapansi. Zomera maluwa, mpanda wa razvivaetsyaplod n'kuwasanganiza. Chitsanzo ndi Asteraceae, nkhadze ndi maluwa zomera. Flower wotchedwa nadpestichnym.

• Theka-otsika n'kuwasanganiza. Ake pamwamba si zinaphatikizidwa kwa ena mbali, choncho ndi ufulu. Maluwa a mtundu amatchedwa polunadpestichnymi. Awa ndi mitundu ya mazira a maluwa zomera kumeneko.

zomera maluwa

Iwo ali gulu ambiri pang'onopang'ono kwa zomera zilipo mitundu mazana awiri ndi makumi asanu zikwi anagawira mu dziko lapansi. Mbewu zing'onozing'ono imatengedwa duckweed, m'mimba mwake umene uli wofanana millimeter wina. Iye amakhala mu madzi. Yaikulu zomera maluwa - ndi mitengo, kufika kutalika mamita zana ndi zambiri.

Zikamera wa maluwa zomera chifukwa chitukuko cha ziwalo zoberekera wapadera - maluwa. Mu ena zomera ndi utoto mitundu yowala, pamene ena - fungo zodabwitsa. maluwa ang'ono ndi inconspicuous zomera, ofanana ndi udzu. Ngakhale yaikulu zosiyanasiyana zomera maluwa, iwo zogwirizana Integrated mu miyoyo yathu: azikongoletsa minda ndi m'mapaki, kupereka chisangalalo zoyankhulirana ndi iwo.

Kapangidwe ka duwa

Maluwa ndi dongosolo zovuta limba amene amapereka kuswana mbewu mbewu. maonekedwe zinachititsa ambiri zomera angiosperm (maluwa) pa dziko lapansi. Flower amagwira ntchito zambiri. Iye anathandiza kupanga stamens ndi mbewu mungu, NYENJE ndi ovules. Iyo imayimba mbali yaikulu kubereketsa zomera, umuna, mapangidwe mbewu ndi zipatso.

Flower ndi kufupikitsidwa, kusinthidwa, okha kukula kwa mphukira yolembapo perianth, stamens ndi NYENJE. Onse angiosperms ofanana mu kapangidwe ndi osiyana maluwa mtundu. Izi zimachitika kwa kubereketsa zomera chipangizo m'njira zosiyanasiyana.

Flower akhoza kutha waukulu kapena lateral zimayambira, ena amene ali maliseche pansi pa maluwa amatchedwa pedicel. Ndi kwambiri adzafupikitsidwa kapena kwina maluwa sessile. Peduncle kwasanduka cholandirira, amene elongated, otukukira kunja, concave kapena mosabisa. Lili ziwalo zonse za duwa. Izi ndi pamakhala sepals, stamens ndi munsi, pansi limene anapanga ndi n'kuwasanganiza ndi, imene pali ovules kapena ovules. Maluwa ndi n'kuwasanganiza concave cholandirira. Ngati n'kuwasanganiza ndi aumbike mwa kumtunda pistil, ndi cholandirira ndi otukukira kunja kapena mosabisa.