Iroquois - Amwenye a ku North America: chiwerengero ndi mtundu wa fuko

Mbiri ya chikhalidwe cha anthu onse ku America ndi zodzaza ndi zinsinsi komanso zinsinsi, koma ndizowawa kwambiri. Izi ndi zoona makamaka kwa Amwenye a kumpoto kwa America, omwe madera awo a makolo awo akhala akutetezedwa kwa nthawi yaitali ndi boma la US US. Ndi anthu angati omwe amakhala mumzinda wa North America omwe amafa chifukwa cha chiwawa chamakono, sadziwika lero lino. Akatswiri ena amanena kuti kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 15, Amwenye omwe ali m'madera amodzi a United States amakhala ndi moyo wokwana 15 miliyoni, ndipo mu 1900 panalibe oposa 237,000.

Mbiri ya omwe timawadziwa kuti "Iroquois" ndi yodabwitsa kwambiri. Amwenye a fuko lino kuyambira kale anali anthu akulu ndi amphamvu, koma tsopano ndi ochepa. Kumbali imodzi, thandizo la Dutch ndi British poyamba poyamba linawalola kuti asamangokhalira kulimbikitsa malo awo ... Koma pamene kufunika kwa Iroquois kunagwa, iwo anayamba kuwonongedwa opanda chifundo.

Mfundo zazikulu

Anthu otchedwa Amwenye a ku North America, omwe tsopano akukhala kumpoto kwa United States ndi Canada. Mawu akuti "iroqu" mu lexicon ya mafuko oyandikana nawo amatanthawuza "njoka zenizeni," zomwe zimasonyeza kuti poyamba Iroquois, milandu yawo yodziwika ndi zida za nkhondo ndi chidziwitso chozama cha njira zamagulu. N'zosadabwitsa kuti Iroquois nthawi zonse anali ovuta kwambiri ndi anansi onse omwe sankawakonda ndi kuwopa. Pakali pano, mamembala okwana 120,000 a fuko lino amakhala ku US ndi Canada.

Poyamba mtundu wa fukoli unatengedwa kuchokera ku St. Lawrence River kupita ku Hudson Strait. Mosiyana ndi zomwe anthu ambiri amakhulupirira, a Iroquois - Amwenye sikuti amatsutsana okha, komanso amagwira ntchito mwakhama, popeza atha kukhala ndi mbewu zapamwamba kwambiri, panali zoweta zoweta ng'ombe.

Mwachiwonekere, fuko ili ndi limodzi la oyamba kulumikizana ndi Aurose m'zaka za zana la 16. Panthawiyi, Amwenye ambiri a kumpoto kwa America adatayika popanda nkhondo yowonongeka. Komabe, kukumbukira kwawo kwakhalabe mpaka pano. Choncho, mawu akuti "Canada" amachokera ku chinenero cha Iroquois cha Iroquois.

Moyo wa Iroquois

Gulu lachikhalidwe la fuko ili ndi chitsanzo choyambirira cha chikhalidwe choyambirira cha maukwati, koma mtunduwu udakali wolamuliridwa ndi mwamuna. Banja likanakhala m'nyumba yayikulu, yomwe idakhala pothawirapo mibadwo yambiri. Nthawi zina, nyumba zoterezi zinagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi banja kwazaka makumi angapo, koma zinachitika kuti Iroquois ankakhala m'nyumba imodzi kwa zaka zana kapena kuposerapo.

Ntchito yaikulu ya Iroquois inali kusaka ndi kusodza. Lero, mamembala a fukoli akupanga zochitika kapena akugwiritsidwa ntchito. Mwachikhalidwe, mabasiketi achikhalidwe ndi mikanda kuchokera ku mikanda ndi okongola kwambiri, ndipo motchuka (makamaka pakati pa alendo).

Pamene mtundu wa Iroquois unali pamwamba pa mphamvu zake, mamembala ake ankakhala m'midzi yambiri, momwe pakhoza kukhala "nyumba zitali" zokwana 20. Kuwaika iwo kuyesedwa molunjika, posankha magawo awo a malo omwe sanali oyenera ku ulimi. Ngakhale kuti iroquois ankachita zachiwawa komanso kawirikawiri, nthawi zambiri ankasankha malo okongola komanso okongola m'midzi yawo.

Mapangidwe a Confederation

Cha m'ma 1570, m'dera lapafupi ndi Nyanja ya Ontario, gulu lokhazikika la mafuko a Iroquois linayamba, lomwe kenako linkadziwika kuti Iroquois Union. Komabe, oimira fukoli akunena kuti chofunikira choyambirira kuti maphunziro a mtundu uwu ayambe kuchitika m'zaka za zana la 12. Poyamba, Confederation inali ndi mafuko asanu ndi awiri a Iroquois. Mtsogoleri aliyense wa mtundu wa Indian anali ndi ufulu wofanana pamisonkhano, koma mu nthawi ya nkhondo "mfumu" idasankhidwabe.

Panthawiyi, midzi yonse ya Iroquois idakakamizidwa kuti idziwonetsere motsutsana ndi zowonongedwa ndi oyandikana nawo, kuteteza midziyi ndi mdima wambiri. Kawirikawiri izi ndizo makoma akuluakulu omwe amamangidwa kuchokera ku zipika zowonongeka mu mizere iwiri, malo ozungulira dziko lapansi. Mu lipoti la mmishonale wa ku France, pamatchulidwa "mwayi" weniweni wa Iroquois kuchokera ku nyumba zazikulu zazikulu makumi asanu, zomwe zinali zamphamvu kwambiri. Akazi a Iroquois anakulira ana, amuna ankachita masewera ndikusaka.

Anthu okhala m'midzi

M'midzi yayikulu ingakhale ndi anthu zikwi zinayi. Kumapeto kwa mapangidwe a Confederacy, kufunikira chitetezo kunali kutawonongeka, chifukwa panthawi imeneyo Iroquois inali itatha konse kuwononga onse oyandikana nayo. Panthawi yomweyi, midzi inayamba kugwirizana kwambiri, kotero kuti ngati kuli kotheka, zingatheke kuti asonkhanitse pamodzi asilikali a fuko lonselo. Komabe, pofika zaka za m'ma 1800, Iroquois idasintha malo a midzi yawo nthawi zambiri.

Chowonadi ndi chakuti kusagwiritsidwa ntchito molakwa kwa dothi kunapangitsa kuti ziwonongeke mofulumira, ndipo sizingatheke kudalira zipatso za makampani a nkhondo.

Ubale ndi Dutch

Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1500, ambiri oimira makampani ochita malonda ku Dutch anaonekera m'deralo. Poyambitsa makampani oyambirira amalonda, adakhazikitsa mgwirizano wamalonda ndi mafuko ambiri, koma makamaka a Dutch adanena momveka bwino ndi Iroquois. Ambiri mwa a colonizers a ku Ulaya anali okondwa ndi ubweya wa beaver. Koma apa panali vuto limodzi: kupanga beavers kunapangidwira mwamsanga kuti posakhalitsa zinyama izi zinafalikira kudera lonse lolamulidwa ndi Iroquois.

Kenaka a Dutch anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito njira yosavuta kumva, koma yodabwitsa kwambiri: anayesetsa kulimbikitsa kukula kwa Iroquois m'madera omwe analibe poyamba.

Kuchokera zaka 1630 mpaka zaka 1700, chifukwa chaichi, nkhondo zowonjezereka, zotchedwa "beaver", zinagwedezeka. Kodi izi zinachitika bwanji? Ndi zophweka. Oimira dziko la Netherlands, ngakhale kuti malamulowa analetsedwa, zochuluka zinaperekedwa kwa mabwenzi awo a ku India, mfuti ndi kutsogolera.

Kuwonjezeka kwamagazi

Pakati pa zaka za zana la 17, mtundu wa Iroquois unali ndi anthu pafupifupi 25,000. Izi ndizochepa kwambiri kuposa chiwerengero cha mafuko oyandikana nawo. Nkhondo zonse ndi miliri zomwe zinabweretsedwa ndi a colonizers a ku Ulaya, ngakhale mofulumira zinachepetsa chiwerengero chawo. Komabe, nthumwi za mafuko omwe anagonjetsedwawo mwamsanga zinalumikizana ndi Federation, kotero kuti imfayo idaperekedwa pang'ono. Amishonale ochokera ku France analemba kuti pofika zaka za m'ma 1800 pakati pa "Iroquois" zinali zopusa kuti ayesetse kulalikira, pogwiritsa ntchito chinenero chachikulu cha mafuko, ngati a Amwenye okhawo omwe amawadziwa bwino. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti zaka zana zokha Iroquois anawonongedwa, ndipo mwachilungamo Holland anakhalabe "woyera" kwathunthu.

Popeza a Iroquois - Amwenye ali ndi nkhondo yambiri, iwo ndi oyamba kuzindikira kuti mfutiyo ili ndi mphamvu yotani. Amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito kalembedwe ka "guerrilla", pogwiritsa ntchito magulu ang'onoang'ono a mafoni. Adani adanena kuti magulu oterowo "akudutsa m'nkhalango ngati njoka kapena nkhandwe, zosakhala zosawoneka ndi zosavomerezeka, zikutanthauza kumenyedwa kumbuyo."

Kumtchire, Iroquois inamveka bwino, komanso njira zamakono komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zida zamphamvu zomwe zinapangitsa ngakhale magulu ang'onoang'ono a mafukowa kuti apambane bwino.

Ulendo wautali

Posakhalitsa, mtsogoleri wa atsogoleri a Iroquois potsiriza anasintha "kutentha thupi", ndipo anayamba kutumiza asilikali ngakhale kumadera akutali komwe Iroquois sankatha kukhala ndi chidwi chilichonse. Koma iwo anali pa abwenzi awo a Dutch. Chifukwa cha kukula kwa nthaka, Iroquois inafalikira kufupi ndi Nyanja Yaikulu. Ndi mafuko awa omwe ali ndi udindo pazinthu zambiri chifukwa chakuti m'magulu amtunduwo adayambanso kuwonjezeka chifukwa cha kuchulukitsitsa kwakukulu. Wachiwiriwa anali chifukwa chakuti Amwenye omwe anapulumuka anawonongedwa ndi mafuko a Iroquois mwamantha adathawira kumalo alionse opanda kanthu.

Ndipotu, panthawiyo, mafuko ambiri anawonongedwa, ambiri omwe analibe chidziwitso konse. Akatswiri ambiri ofufuza a ku India amakhulupirira kuti panthaŵi imeneyo okha Hurons anapulumuka. Nthaŵi yonseyi kubwezeretsedwa kwa Dutch kwa Iroquois ndi ndalama, zida ndi mfuti sanasiye.

Malipiro

M'zaka za zana la 17, Chingerezi chinafika kumayiko amenewa, mwamsanga kuchotsa mpikisano wawo wa ku Ulaya. Anayamba kuchita "mosamala". Chingerezi chinapanga gulu lotchedwa Conquered League, lomwe linali mafuko onse otsala, omwe kale anagonjetsedwa ndi Iroquois. Ntchito ya Ligwirizano inali nthawi ya ubweya wa beever. Amwenye omwe anali achiwawa kwambiri a Iroquois, omwe chikhalidwe chawo chinali choipa kwambiri panthawiyo, mwamsanga anasandulika kukhala oyang'anira wamba ndi osonkhanitsa msonkho.

M'zaka za zana la 17 ndi 18th, mphamvu ya fuko lawo inalefuka kwambiri ndi izi, koma adapitiriza kuimira gulu lamphamvu la nkhondo kudera lonseli. Britain, pogwiritsa ntchito zowawa zambiri, inatha kuchoka ku Iroquois ndi French. Oyamba adatha kuchita pafupifupi ntchito yonse yothamangitsidwa komaliza kwa makampani a ku Britain ochokera ku New World.

Iroquois awa asindikiza chilango cha imfa, chifukwa sichifunikira. Anangothamangitsidwa kunja kwa malo omwe anali atakhala kale, kusiya malo awo oyambirira pafupi ndi mtsinje wa St. Lawrence kuti akhale ndi moyo. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, m'zaka za zana la 18, mtundu wa Mingo unachoka kwa iwo, kufooketsa Iroquois.

Kutsiriza kotsiriza

Akuluakulu a boma la Britain sanagone, ndipo panthawi ya nkhondo ndi dziko la US lomwe linangoyamba kumene, adakakamiza "anzawo" awo kuti ayambe kumbali yawo. Ichi chinali chomaliza, koma cholakwika chachikulu kwambiri cha Iroquois. General Sullivan anayenda pamtunda wawo ndi moto ndi lupanga. Zotsalira za mafuko omwe kale anali amphamvu anabalalitsidwa kudutsa ku US ndi Canada. Mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, omaliza otsiriza a anthu awa adasiya kufa ndi njala ndi miliri yowonjezereka.

Masiku ano, anthu a Iroquois - Amwenye sali okakamiza, koma "savvy" m'milandu. Iwo nthawi zonse amateteza zofuna zawo m'makhoti onse, kufunafuna kuzindikira kuti malamulo a boma ndi obwezedwa ndi boma lawo. Komabe, kupambana kwazinthu zawo kumakhalabe kukayikira kwambiri.

Chifukwa chiyani fukoli liri ndi mbiri yoipa chotero?

Fenimore Cooper yomwe yanenedwa kaleyi inkaimira Amwenye a Iroquois monga anthu osayenerera komanso okhwima kwambiri, akuwasiyanitsa ndi "Zolakolako zabwino". Kuwunika koteroko ndi chitsanzo cha chisangalalo, ndipo chimafotokozedwa mophweka. Nkhaniyi ndi yakuti Otsatirawo adagwira nawo nkhondo ku Great Britain kumbali ya United States, ndipo Iroquois inamenyana ndi Britain. Koma komabe Cooper anali m'njira zambiri molondola.

Iwo anali a Iroquois nthawi zambiri ankachita mwambo wowononga kwathunthu otsutsa awo, kuphatikizapo kupha ana. "Wodalitsidwa" ndi asilikali a fukoli ndi kuzunzika koopsa, zomwe zinkachitika nthawi yaitali asanakhale a Ulaya. Kuonjezera apo, mbiri yawo yoipitsitsa - yayikulu kwambiri, popeza Iroquois adadziwa lingaliro lachikhulupiliro chilichonse chokhudzana ndi otsutsa.

Kukhala wangwiro monga njira ya moyo

Pali milandu pamene iwo apangana mgwirizano wamtendere ndi fuko loyandikana nawo, ndipo kenaka adalidula pansi pa chivundikiro cha usiku. Kawirikawiri, chifukwa cha izi, poizoni ankagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kumvetsetsa mafuko oyandikana nawo, chizoloŵezi chotero ndi kupondereza kwakukulu kwa miyambo ndi kusayeruzika.

Wolemba mbiri, dzina lake Francis Parkman, yemwe anali wabwino kwa Amwenye, adasonkhanitsa deta zambiri, akuchitira umboni kufalikira kwa miyambo yambiri ya chikhalidwe (yomwe inali chikhalidwe cha mafuko onse a ku India), komanso milandu ya anthu wamba. N'zosadabwitsa kuti chitaganya cha Iroquois, kuti chikhale chofatsa, sichinali chotchuka kwambiri ndi oyandikana nawo.