Derzhavin zilandiridwenso. Luso ntchito Derzhavina

Gavrila Romanovich Derzhavin (1743-1816) - yotamandika kwambiri Russian ndakatulo 18 - m'ma 19. ntchito Derzhavin anali groundbreaking m'njira zambiri moti chizindikiro yofunika kwambiri m'mbiri mabuku m'dziko lathu anakhudzidwa ndi chitukuko zina.

Moyo ndi Ntchito ya Derzhavin

Kuwerenga nkhani yonena za Derzhavin, mwina kudziŵika kuti zaka zoyambirira za wolemba silimanena kuti iye tidzayesedwa munthu wotchuka ndi Albucasis waluntha.

Gavrila Romanovich anabadwa mu 1743 mu chigawo Kazan. Banja la wolemba m'tsogolo uneventful kwambiri, koma a amazikonda anthu otchuka.

zaka zoyambirira

Monga mwana, Derzhavin anali kupirira imfa ya bambo ake, ngakhale anakula zinthu chuma banja. Mayi kupita ku vikulu kuonetsetsa kuti ana ake awiri, ndi kuwapatsa nthawi zina maphunziro ndi maphunziro. Aphunzitsi abwino mu chigawo, pamene banja moyo, sunali kwambiri, anayika ndi omwe amatha ganyu. Ngakhale kuti anali m'mavuto, matenda, aphunzitsi simungathe, Derzhavin, chifukwa mphamvu zake ndi kupirira, komabe anakwanitsa kupeza maphunziro abwino.

usilikali

Komabe wophunzira wa Kazan zolimbitsa thupi, wolemba ndakatulo analemba ndakatulo yake yoyamba. Komabe, kutsiriza maphunziro anga ku sekondale, iye anali alephera. chakuti zolakwa zachipembedzo anachita ndi akuluakulu ena, kwachititsa chakuti mnyamatayo chaka m'mbuyomo anaitanitsa usilikali mu Petersburg, ku Preobrazhensky Regiment, mu malo wamba msilikali. khumi okha patapita zaka, iye anatha akadali kukwaniritsa udindo wa kapitawo.

Ndi moyo yolemba ndi ntchito ya Derzhavin zinasintha kwambiri. utumiki Long kusiya nthawi pang'ono pa ntchito zolembalemba, koma, ngakhale, mu zaka nkhondo Derzhavin analemba zambiri za ndakatulo zoseketsa ndi kuphunzira ntchito za olemba zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo University, chimene iye makamaka akulemekezedwa ndi ankaona chitsanzo chabwino. German ndakatulo komanso anakopeka Derzhavin. Iye ankadziwa German ndipo ankachita nawo yomasulira andakatulo Russian ndi German mu ndakatulo zawo zambiri anadalira iwo.

Komabe, pamene Gavrila Romanovich sanabadwe anawona ntchito yake yaikulu mu ndakatulo. Iye kuzifuna kuti ntchito asilikali utumiki wa dziko ndi kuwongolera zinthu zakuthupi wa banja.

Mu 1773-1774 gg. Derzhavin nawo kupondereza kugalukira Emelyana Pugacheva, koma kulera ndi kuzindikira phindu lawo ndipo sanapange. Atalandira monga malipiro miyoyo atatu okha zana, icho m'chipatala. Zina nthawi iye anakakamizika kukhala moyo si moona ndithu njira - kusewera makhadi.

Kuwulura talente

Dziwani kuti pa nthawi iyi, makumi asanu ndi awiri, talente yake kwa nthawi yoyamba anatsegula mwakhama. "Chatalagayskie Ode" (1776) chidwi owerenga, koma mwakuya ndi ntchito zina makumi asanu ndi awiri zinali zisanathe palokha. ntchito Derzhavin anali more imitative, monga Sumarokov, Lomonosov ndi ena. Malamulo okhwima prosody, amene, kutsatira miyambo yakale, anamvera ndakatulo wake, sankaloledwa awulule kwathunthu ndalama lapadera la wolemba.

Mu 1778, ku moyo wa wolemba chinachitika chochitika asangalale - anagwa kutifotokozera m'chikondi ndipo anakwatira Catherine Yakovlevna Bastidon, amene wakhala kwa zaka zambiri imasonkhezera wake ndakatulo (dzina Plenira).

njira yekha mabukuwo

Kuyambira 1779 wolemba umasankha njira yake mu mabuku. Mpaka 1791 iye amagwira ntchito ya ode polemba chinenero, amene anamuuza kutchuka kwambiri. Koma ndakatulo si kukhala chitsanzo polemba chinenero ichi okhwima. Iye kusintha izo zasintha chilankhulo amakhala modabwitsa resonant, maganizo, osati monga iye anali mu anayeza, zomveka classicism. Linasinthiratu Derzhavin ode ndi wokhutira maganizo. zinthu ngati kale boma anali yaikulu, tsopano mu Derzhavina zilandiridwenso ndipo anapanga munthu, mavumbulutso wapamtima. Chikutanthauza chithunzi sentimentalism limalimbikitsa kwambiri kutengeka, zimamvekera.

m'zaka zaposachedwapa

M'zaka zomalizira za moyo wake Derzhavin zimaleka kulemba odes mu ntchito yake ikuyamba kuti zilamulire ndakatulo chikondi, mauthenga ubwenzi, zoseketsa ndakatulo.

Ndakatulo anafa July 8, 1816 mu malo Zvanka, malo amamukonda.

Zilandiridwenso Derzhavina mwachidule

Wolemba ndakatulo iye ankaganiza mtengo wake waukulu oyamba zopeka "woseketsa Russian syllable," amene zimasakanikirana zinthu za kalembedwe wamba ndi lalitali, kaphatikizidwe ndakatulo ndi Zotengera. Luso Derzhavin anali kunena kuti ali kukodzedwa mndandanda wa ndakatulo Russian, pophatikiza ndi mitu ndi amajambulapo maluwa okongola ku moyo watsiku ndi tsiku.

wapadera ode

Derzhavin zilandiridwenso mwachidule pofotokoza yotchuka kwambiri odes wake. Kawirikawiri coexists chiyambi zoweta ndi zozizwitsa, boma komanso umunthu. Creation Derzhavina Choncho Chili zinthu poyamba atakwatirana. Mwachitsanzo, "ndakatulo za kubadwa kwa mwanayo North porfirorodnogo" sitinganene kuti ndi wapadera ode m'lingaliro tingachipeze powerenga mawu. Kubadwa kwa Alexander Pavlovich mu 1779 amamutchula kuti ndi mwambo waukulu geniuses zonse kubweretsa mphatso zosiyanasiyana -. Mind, chuma, kukongola, etc. Komabe, chilakolako cha otsiriza a iwo ( "Khalani pa munthu mpando wachifumu") limasonyeza kuti mfumu - munthu, zomwe sizinali lililonse kwa classicism. Luso ntchito Derzhavina akuwonetseredwa kuno mu chisakanizo cha udindo boma ndi munthu wa munthu.

"Felitsa"

Mu ode izi Derzhavin amadzinenera kuti amatchula mfumukazi ya yekha ndi kutsutsana naye. Felitsa - ndi Catherine II. Gavrila Romanovich ndi regal monga munthu payekha, motero chophwanya ndiye alipo okhwima tingachipeze powerenga mwambo. Wolemba ndakatulo amalemekezedwa Catherine II osati monga gulu ndi boma, koma monga munthu wanzeru amene amadziwa njira zake mbantowera. Ndiye ndakatulo akufotokoza moyo wake. Self-Izitu n'zovutitsa pofotokoza mwake, amene anali ndi ndakatulo, akutumikira kutsindika ulemerero wa Felitsa.

Ndi, polemba chinenero cha ode, kwathunthu lolunjika pa phunziro la matamando, wobwezera ndakatulo mu uthenga wochezeka, kumene kuli mbali ziwiri, ndipo aliyense wa iwo ndi lofunika kwambiri, osati kopita. Mu ulamuliro wa Catherine II wolemba ndakatulo amayamikira kwambiri kuwolowa manja onse, kuphweka, kutilepheretsa kuti ndi munthu, makhalidwe anthu.

"Pa kudya Izmail"

Mu ode limeneli likusonyeza fano otchuka pakati pa anthu Russian, kitsa Turkey linga. Mphamvu ya anayerekezera wake kwa zachilengedwe: zivomezi, mikuntho nyanja, chiphala kuphulika. Komabe, si lachibadwa, koma umamumvera chifuniro cha mfumu Russian, yotengeka ndi kukhulupirika ku dzikolakwathu. The mphamvu zapadera msilikali Russian ndi lonse anthu Russian, mphamvu zake ndi ukulu anasonyezedwa ntchito imeneyi.

"Waterfall"

Mu ode ichi, wolembedwa mu 1791, makamaka amakhala fano mtsinje, kufanizira ndi impermanence wa moyo, kutchuka lapansi ndi ukulu anthu. The zinachitika anatumikira monga Kivach mathithi ili Karelia. Mtundu phale mankhwala olemera mu mithunzi osiyana ndi mitundu. Poyamba zinali ikulongosola za mathithi, koma pambuyo pa imfa ya Prince Potemkin (anamwalira mwadzidzidzi ulendo wake kunyumba, ku chigonjetso mu nkhondo Chirasha Turkey) Gavrila Romanovich anawonjezera chithunzi cha zili zamalankhulidwe ndi mathithi anakhala nacho ndi fragility la moyo ndi kuika zinthu mu mawunikidwe nthanthi ya osiyanasiyana makhalidwe. Derzhavin unali yodziwa Prince Potemkin, ndipo sanathe kuyankha kugwa mwadzidzidzi.

Komabe, Gavrila Romanovich anali kutali Potemkin osiririka. Mu ode iye sankafuna Rumyantsev - ndicho amene, malinga ndi wolemba, ngwazi woona. Rumyantsev anali patriot weniweni amene amasamala zabwino wamba, osati ulemerero ndi chuma. ngwazi izi ode ake mophiphiritsa limafanana ndi mtsinje chete. mathithi phokoso anasiyanitsa homely kukongola Suna mtsinje ndi olemekezeka ake ndi bata pa momveka zonse madzi. Anthu ngati Rumyantsev, mwakachetechete, popanda akukangana ndi kuwira zilakolako pamoyo wawo, angathe kugwila kukongola za mlengalenga.

odes nthanthi

Mitu Timagalasi Derzhavina kupitiriza nthanthi odes. Ode "Pa Imfa ya Prince Meshchersky" (1779) linalembedwa atamwalira Paulo kulowa pa, Prince Meshchersky. Ndipo imfa akufotokozedwa mophiphiritsa, izo "anola scythe" ndi "kukukuta mano." Kuwerenga ode ichi, poyamba ngakhale zikuoneka kuti mtundu umenewu wa "nyimbo" imfa. Komabe, umatha ndi mapeto zosiyana - Derzhavin amatiyitanira kuti amalemekeza moyo monga "mphatso yomweyo kuchokera kumwamba" ndi moyo bwino, kufa ndi mtima woyera.

anacreontic nyimbo

Kutsanzira olemba mabuku akale kulenga Mabaibulo a ndakatulo awo Derzhavin analenga kakang'ono wake amene Russian tanthauzo la kukoma dziko, moyo, anafotokoza Russian chikhalidwe. Classicism mu Derzhavina ntchito pano kakusintha kusintha.

Translation Anacreon kwa Gavrila Romanovich - ndi mwayi kupita mu ufumu wa chirengedwe, munthu ndi moyo, amene analibe malo mu anasiyiratu tingachipeze powerenga ndakatulo. Chifanizo cha ndakatulo iyi wakale amamunyoza kuwala ndi moyo wachikondi kwambiri anakopeka Derzhavin.

Mu 1804 magazini osiyana "Anacreontic nyimbo." M'mawu oyamba akulongosola chifukwa anaganiza kulemba "kuwala vesi": wolemba ndakatulo analemba mavesi amenewa unyamata wake, ndi lofalitsidwa tsopano chifukwa adasiya utumiki, anakhala munthu payekha ndi mfulu kufalitsa chirichonse chimene iye akufuna.

mochedwa nyimbo

Ndi maonekedwe a zilandiridwenso Derzhavin mu nthawi ina monga mfundo yakuti pa nthawi imeneyi pafupi ikutha kulemba odes ndi kutitengera ntchito kwakukulukulu m'nyimbo. Ndakatulo "Eugene. Zvanskaya Moyo", wolembedwa mu 1807, ananena kuti tsiku kunyumba moyo wa olemekezeka akale kukhala mu malo wapamwamba kumidzi banja. Akatswiriwo ananena kuti ntchito unalembedwa pofuna elegy Zhukovsky "Madzulo" ndipo anali polemic incipient Romanticism.

Ndi lyric mochedwa Derzhavina ikukhudzana ndi ntchito "Chipilala", wodzazidwa ndi chikhulupiriro mu ulemu wa munthu popanda mavuto, vicissitudes a moyo ndi kusintha mbiri.

Ubwino chilengedwe Derzhavina unali waukulu kwambiri. Anayamba Gavril Sergeyevich anapitiriza kusintha kwa mitundu tingachipeze powerenga za Pushkin, ndi m'tsogolo, ndipo ena akuyimba Russian.