Mwatsatanetsatane chida "Tochka-U": makhalidwe

Pa July 29, 2014, kanema wa nyuzipepala ya ku America CNN inauza dziko lonse kuti mfuti ya "Tochka-U" yomwe inayambika pa nthawi ya nkhanza za Ukraine, siidadutsa malire a dzikoli. Zomwezo ndizo tanthauzo la uthenga wodabwitsa. Nchifukwa chiani pangakhale kuganiza kuti cholinga cha kukhazikitsidwa chingakhale chinthu kudziko lina? Ndi yani? Ndipo ngati cholingacho chinali ku Ukraine, bwanji osagwiritsa ntchito mitsinje ya ballistic? Pali mafunso ambiri ...

Zirizonse zomwe zinali, koma mwachindunji chifukwa cha zochitika izi, anthu onse anali ndi chidwi ndi zovuta zamakono "Tochka-U".

Zokambirana zapikisano

Funso lina lalikulu ndilo kulakwitsa kwakukulu komwe makonzedwewo akukwaniritsa? Kuti tiyankhe funsolo, m'pofunikira kumvetsetsa momwe zida za mtundu umenewu zimakhalira.

Asilikali a ku Ukraine adalengeza kuti iwo sanachite nawo mbali, akuyitanira pomwepo zifukwa zitatu zomwe zinali zosatheka kuti achite. Choyamba, palibe mizati ya ballistic mu arsenal ya APU. Chachiwiri, iwo sanapite kulikonse. Ndipo chachitatu, asilikali a ku Ukraine sanawagwiritse ntchito. Kenaka, poyang'aniridwa ndi dipatimenti ya boma la United States, msonkhano wa oimira ake ndi Pulezidenti Wachilendo Wachilendo Lavrov unachitikira, pomwe anthuwa adatsimikiziranso kuti nkhondoyi siidaperekedwa ku Russia. Nkhaniyi idatopa kwambiri, ngakhale kuti mfuti ya "Tochka-U" yomwe ili m'gulu la asilikali a Chiyukireniya, ikuyenera kutanthauzira zenizeni za "zida zankhondo" zomwe Pulezidenti Yatsenyuk anayesera kuopseza atsogoleri a People's Democratic Republic ndi People's Republic of Poland. Zosavuta, APU, mwachiwonekere, ilibe chodziwika bwino.

Sindinathe kuchita chilichonse. Koma izi sizikutanthauza kuti panalibe kuyesa. Akatswiri a asilikali akupanga malingaliro osiyanasiyana molimba mtima, akupeza zofanana pakati pa kuwonetsa bwino kwa kuukira kwa Israeli kwa mfuti ya Syria ndi chochitika ichi. Malembo otchuka kwambiri amaoneka ngati ambiri, malinga ndi zida zinayi za Chiyukireniya "Tochka-U" zomwe zikugwedezeka ndi machitidwe a chitetezo cha Russia. Umboni wokhudzana ndi izi sikuti, koma zina zomwe zimadziwika zimasonyeza izi.

Kotero ndi rocket ya mtundu wanji ndipo izi zinachokera kuti ku Ukraine? Kodi zinapangidwa liti komanso kuti? Kodi zitsanzo zatsopano zatsopano ndi zingati? Kodi zida za mtundu uwu wa zida ndi ziti? Kodi ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito motani ndipo zakhala zolinga zotani? Ndi nkhondo zotani zomwe zingatenge? Ndani angathe kusamalira izi?

Nkhaniyi iyankha mafunsowa ndi mafunso ena momveka bwino komanso opanda tsatanetsatane.

Mipikisano yamakono ndi ndondomeko ya nkhondo yosinthidwa

Mphamvu zonse za nyukiliya zigawikidwa m'magulu awiri. Mipikisano yamakono, zombo za nyukiliya za pansi pa madzi ndi zinyama zautali zimanyamula milandu yomwe imapangitsa kuti chiwonongeko chachikulu, chowononga chiwonongeko kudziko la adani chichitike ngati nkhondo yapadziko lonse. Koma palinso zida zopanda mphamvu zomwe zimathetsa ntchito za kutsutsana kutsogolo - zimatchedwa tactical. Kwa zolinga izi mu 1965, akatswiri a Soviet ochokera ku KB "Fakel" adapanga rocket "Tochka". Iye anali ndi makhalidwe abwino, koma kumapeto kwa zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi iwo anasiya kukwaniritsa zofuna za asilikali. Pogwiritsira ntchito zida za nyukiliya, kulondola sikunali kofunikira, koma panthawi imeneyo kusintha kunachitika m'maiko akunja omwe anakhudza chiphunzitso cha chitetezo. Magulu amphamvu anapatsidwa udindo wotsutsa dziko lonse lapansi ndi chigwirizano cha dera lamilandu la kampani ya Socialist, koma chiwerengero cha mikangano ya m'deralo chinawonjezeka. Lingaliro la kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa milandu yapadera mu Vietnam kapena nkhondo za ku Middle East zikhoza kuyendera maulendo a wina, koma, mwachisangalalo, mopanda phindu. Udindo wa zida zowonjezera wawonjezeka, chotero, anafunika kuwonjezera mozama kulondola kwa kugunda zolingazo. Ndipo pa nthawi yomweyi, ndi kuonjezera zosiyana. Ntchitoyi inapatsidwa kwa Design Bureau of Machine Building. Bungwe lobisala lokhala ndi dzina lodzichepetsa linatsogoleredwa ndi S. P. Invincible. Kuyankhula kwaulemerero.

New rocket

Zopangidwe zojambula zowonongeka kwa mandazo zidasamutsidwa kwa MSC kuchokera kwa MKB "Fakel". Zida izi zakhala zofunikira kwambiri pa ntchitoyi, zinapulumutsa nthawi yambiri ndi mphamvu. Miyunitsi yambiri, misonkhano yambiri ndi machitidwe akhala akusungidwa, mtundu wa mayesero omwe "Tochka" ya rocket idatumikira. Mu chitsanzo chatsopano, zida zina, kuphatikizapo gasi-jet, zinasokoneza chiwonongeko, zipangizo zamagetsi zowonongeka ndi zitsogozo zinasinthidwa. Chifukwa cha ntchito yolimbika ya akatswiri mu 1968-1971, kusintha kwakukulu kwa ntchitoyi kunakwaniritsidwa, apogee ndi perigee chinawonjezeka. Ndipo - chofunika kwambiri - kugunda chilolezocho chinakhala cholondola kwambiri. Mayeserowa anachitidwa ku Kapustin Yar Cosmodrome, ndipo mu 1973 Komiti ya boma inalandira ndondomekoyi. Choyamba chinayamba. Zowonongekazo zinapangidwa ku Volgograd Barrikady Plant (kuyambitsa ndi kulamulira) ndi Plantkins yokonza Machine (maomboni okha). Mu mndandanda njirayi inapita ku plant of engineering engineering ku Petropavlovsk. Kuonjezera apo, malamulo a zigawo zidaikidwa ku mabungwe osiyanasiyana oteteza dziko lonselo. Kulandiridwa kwavomerezeka kwapadera kunachitika mu 1975, iwo anali ndi zida zogwirira ntchito pamagulu a magawano.

Kupitanso patsogolo kwa zovutazo kunachitika pakati pa zaka makumi asanu ndi atatu. Zinthu zosiyanasiyana za nyengo zinagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo mayesero ena anachitidwa ku Transbaikalia ndi Central Asia.

Mng'oma wokhoma "Tochka-U" (womwewo unali dzina latsopano la chida ichi) unamangidwa mumzinda wa Votkinsk.

Mfundo-P ndi machitidwe atsopano

Kuyesera koyambirira koyamba kunayamba mu 1971, iwo anapangidwa ndi akatswiri a fakitale. Kwa zaka ziwiri, kufotokoza ndi kutsiriza kwa ma kalata ovomerezedwa kulandila boma akuchitika. Zizindikiro zimakonzedweratu ntchito yaikulu. Kusiyanitsa pachindunji sichinapitirire mamita 250 ndi makilomita 15 osachepera ndi kupitirira 70.

Ndondomeko yolankhuliridwayo inathandizidwanso. "Point-R" ingagwiritsire ntchito mutu wopepuka kuti ukhale ndi ma radio ndi malo omwe akukhalamo, omwe adachulukitsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwake ndipo analola kugwiritsa ntchito zida izi kuti zisawononge mdima wa adani kapena kusokonezeka kwa malamulo a asilikali ndi machitidwe olankhulana a adani. Ndi malo owonongeka a mahekitala awiri, kulondola kunakula - tsopano kunali mamita 45.

Izi zinali zizindikiro zabwino kwambiri.

Kusankhidwa

Kugwiritsira ntchito zida kumatanthawuza kugonjetsa zolinga zazing'ono, zomwe asilikali amamvetsetsa mabwalo akuluakulu a ndege, nyumba yaikulu, malo olankhulana, malo osungira katundu, malo osungiramo zinthu, sitima zapamtunda, madoko ena ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimapangitsa kuti magulu apamwamba akhale ofunika.

Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kukula kwa cholinga chotere sikungatanthauzidwe kukhala wamng'ono. Mkokomo wa missile ya ballistic (ngakhale yaing'ono) mu chipinda chosiyana, ngalawa, ndege, ndege kapena galimoto sizingapitirire. Zotsatira zake zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'deralo, zomwe zida zankhondo zosiyanasiyana zankhondo zakhazikitsidwa.

Panthaŵi imene Soviet Army inalandira mliri wa Tochka-U, nzika za USSR zinadziŵa za uchigawenga wapadziko lonse makamaka kuchokera ku pulogalamu ya "Time", ndipo ngakhale pokhapokha pokhapokha akamba za vutoli ku Ulster. Zochitika zaposachedwapa zakhala zikuwonetsa kuti chida ichi chingakhale chothandizenso kumenyana ndi zida zomenyera nkhondo, makamaka kuwononga kwa maziko a magulu a milandu ndi misasa yawo yophunzitsira. Koma palibe chomwe chinali kugwiritsa ntchito zida za Tochka-U kuti ziwombere m'malo okhalamo midzi kapena midzi. Zilizonse zolondola, ndizosatheka kuthetsa kugonjetsedwa kwa magulu a zida za anthu ozunguliridwa ndi anthu wamba.

Ndi nthaka ndi madzi

Mtsulo pawokha sungakhoze kuyambitsidwa ndi kasupe. Ndondomekoyi ndi yodula, ndilo mzere wa magalimoto angapo, chiwerengero chake chimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi ntchitoyo. Choyamba, tikufunikira kuyambitsa, yomwe imayambitsa kulumikizidwa kwa miseche ya Tochka-U. Koma osati chifukwa cha kuwombera kamodzi kunapanga zovuta! PU ikutsatira ndondomeko yokhala ndi makina ojambulira ndi oyendetsa, malo oyendetsa mafoni ndi malo ogulitsira. Mipuyo imatengedwa m'zinthu zamtengo wapatali zomwe zimapangidwira kuti zikhale zotetezeka. Makina oyendetsa katundu ali ndi zotsulo ndi kutaya katundu. Zipangizo ndi zipangizo zimapangidwira kuyang'anira kukhulupirika kwa machitidwe ndi mayunitsi. Pafupifupi chirichonse chimaperekedwa kuti chichitike ndi zinthu zosazolowereka.

Mafuta a refueler amafunikira ngati pali maulendo aatali mtunda (kuposa 650 km - ndiyo mphamvu yosungira). Chombocho chimachotsedwa pa fakitale, chimakhala ndi injini yolimba.

Mavutowa akhoza kuyenda pafupifupi kulikonse, ngakhale pamadzi. Kufulumira kwa msewu wabwino ndi 60 km / h, pa mapiritsi - kufika 40 km / h, kumalo ovuta - 15 km / h. Pamene magetsi a madzi akugwiritsidwa ntchito, makina adzagonjetsa chotchinga cha madzi pa liwiro la 8 km / h. Galimoto yamagalimoto ndi makilomita 15,000.

Malamulo apadera

"Point-U" ndi missile ya ballistic. Zizindikiro zake, ngakhale zodzichepetsa kwambiri kuposa zamoyo zamakono, ndizokwanira kuziwona kuti ndizotheka wonyamulira milandu yapadera. Panthawi imeneyi , asilikali amamvetsetsa ngati njira yowonongeka, nyukiliya ndi mankhwala. Kuti uvulaze mdani, umayenera kukhala ndi mutu umodzi, womwe umatchedwanso kuti kuyimitsa nkhondo. Mng'oma wokhoma "Tochka-U" ukhoza kukhala ndi zida za nyukiliya malingana ndi mphamvu yomwe ikufunika kuphulika. Kotero, gawo la mutu wa 9H39 liri ndi trotyl ofanana ndi makilogalamu zana, ndipo 9H64 ili ndi mazana awiri.

Pogwiritsira ntchito magetsi a nyukiliya, omwe angakhale ndi makina a "Tochka-U", malo owonongeka (olimba), omwe amayeza kuchokera ku epicenter, adzakhala oposa kilomita imodzi ndi theka.

Kuchita nkhondo zamakani, mapepala 9N123G ndi 9N123G2-1 amaperekedwa, okhala ndi magawo 65 a OB omwe ali ndi 60.5 ndi 50.5 makilogalamu ("Zoman").

Makompyuta Achilendo

Mitundu ya zida zowononga ndizowonjezereka. Nkhanza za kugawidwa kwapadera kwapadera 9Н123 "zimapangitsa kupezeka kwa 162 makilogalamu a TNT, omwe amafalitsa pafupifupi zikwi khumi ndi zisanu. Chifukwa cha zotsatira zazikulu, kuyendetsa kotsiriza kumene rocket ya "Tochka-U" imapanga n'kofunika. Malo owonongeka a mahekitala atatu amaperekedwa chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa mlanduwu pamtunda wa mamita 20 mutatha kuchoka pa njira yotsatila mpira kupita ku boma ladontho lakuya. Mzere wodulidwa wa chidutswa cha zidutswa zikugawidwa kuti uwonjezere gawo la kuwombera.

Mutu wa 9N123K uli ndi zinthu makumi asanu (iliyonse yolemera makilogalamu asanu ndi atatu), opangidwa ndi zinthu zomwe zimakhala pafupi ndi 16,000. Makasitomala onsewa amaimira chifaniziro cha grenada yowonongeka, yomwe ndi yaikulu. Zidazi zimawononga zinthu zopanda chitetezo pamalo okwana mahekitala asanu ndi awiri.

N'zotheka kugwiritsa ntchito mzere wa "Tochka-U" kufalitsa mabuku osokoneza.

Zambiri zamakono

Kuti zikhale zovuta, ndizofunikira osati zokhazokha zokwera ndege, komanso zochepa. Apo ayi, mdani akhoza kuyandikira pafupi kwambiri kotero kuti zidzakhala zosasokonezeka, choncho ndizoopsa kwambiri. Phokoso lazitali kwambiri ndi makilomita 15 ndiloling'ono kwambiri kuti "Tochka-U" (missile ya ballistic) akhoza kuwombera. Zizindikiro za kuthawa zidzakhala izi: kutalika - kufika pa 26,000 mamita, thrust - 9800 kN, nthawi ya injini - mpaka masekondi 28. Ndiye kuthawa kumaphatikizapo kutsutsana kwa mpira.

Ngati cholinga chiri patali, ndiye kuti magawowo adzakhala osiyana. Kutalika kwakukulu (apogee) kudzakhala kuchepetsedwa kwambiri. Mphindi 2 masekondi 16 msilikali idzagonjetsa makilomita 120 - iyi ndiyo mzere wautali wa misomali ya "Tochka-U".

Kuti apange kuwombera bwino, nkofunikanso kuti kutumizidwa kwa ogwira ntchito kumenyana kukhale kothamanga. Ophunzitsidwa bwino a mwambowu, wopangidwa ndi anthu anayi, amatha kumasuntha zovuta kuchokera ku zoyendetsa kupita ku nkhondo mu maminiti 16, ndizo zomwezo. Ngati kufunikira koyambira kumadziwika, pasanathe mphindi ziwiri zokha mutatulutsa lamulo loyamba. Mutu wa nkhondo womwe uli pafupi pafupifupi theka la tani udzawulukira ku cholinga. Liwiro la "misomali ya" Tochka-U "limakwera kilomita imodzi pamphindi,

Mtundu uliwonse wa zida wapangidwa kuti athetse ntchito zosiyanasiyana, zomwe, malinga ndi zikhalidwe zina, zingakhale zochepa. Chida ndi mtundu wa zida, nthawi zina ziyenera kukhala zamphamvu komanso zovuta, ndipo nthawi zina ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito chinthu chobisika komanso chosakhwima. Mapulogalamu ovomerezeka, ngakhale kuti ali ndi zolinga zenizeni, sangathe kupereka chisankho chodziwikiratu cha kugonjetsedwa, choncho sichigwiritsidwa ntchito m'madera ambiri.

Mapulogalamu othandiza othandiza

Mphepete mwa Tochka-U, yomwe malo ake sali oposa makilomita 120, ndi yabwino kwambiri kuwonongeka kwa misasa ndi zigawenga zakupha m'mapiri kapena m'chipululu. Pa msonkhano woyamba ku Chechnya, umagwiritsiridwa ntchito pa cholinga chake, monga G. G. N. Troshev analemba m'mabuku ake-zolemba (bukuli linkatchedwa "Chechen Break"). Njira zamagwiritsidwe ntchito za zidazi zimaganiza kuti lamulo liri ndi mfundo zowona komanso zolumikiza zolondola. Zolinga zotere masiku ano zingaperekedwe ndi malo ovomerezeka (ngati pali nyengo yoyenera pa malo owonetsera masewera ndi kusakhala kwa mitambo yakuphimba m'mphepete mwa mabomba). Sichichotsedwa komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zina, ngati zitapezeka kuchokera ku bungwe loyenerera kukhala ndi mwayi wogwira ntchito ndi mapu a mapepala.

March 2000, pafupi ndi mudzi wa Komsomolskoye ... Zikudziwika kuti m'derali muli msasa wa asilikali. Cholingacho chilimbikitsidwa, msinkhu wa chitetezo ndikuti pamene mkuntho ukuyesedwa, kutaya kwakukulu kwa antchito sikungapeweke. Pafupi ndi mudziwu, omwe, ndithudi, sangathe kuwonongedwa. Kuphulika kwa mfuti ya "Tochka-U" kunaphimba malo oteteza, ndipo mapangidwe amphamvu amphamvu anatha, osagwirizana nawo nkhondo, yomwe idakonzedwa bwino. Ntchito zofananamo zinagwirizanitsidwa ndi mphamvu zamakonzedwe zamagulu a m'madera ena kutsogolo, kuchepetsa kuwonongeka ndi kukwaniritsa kupambana kochititsa chidwi, zomwe mbali yofunika inali maphunziro abwino kwambiri.

Chiwerengero chapamwamba chomwecho chinasonyezedwa ndi ogwira ntchito ku Russia magawano pa zochitika za 2008 ku South Ossetia. Akapolo a Syria akuchita bwino kwambiri ndi ntchito zoterozo, kupondereza anthu otsutsa boma. Zolinga zawo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zachigawenga m'deralo.

Ukraine silingadzitamande chifukwa cha kulondola koteroko. Mipu "Tochka-U", yomwe tinalitenga kuchokera kudziko lino ndi USSR, iyenera kuti yatopa kale moyo wawo wa alumali (ndi zaka khumi). Mu 2000, panthawi ya zochitika pa Goncharov Range, polojekitiyi inakhazikitsidwa, yomwe inachititsa kuti anthu atatu aphedwe ndi kuvulaza anthu asanu a ku Brovarov (Kyiv dera). Nkhondoyo inagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzitsa, popanda malipiro, mwinamwake pakanakhala pali ozunzidwa ambiri.

Kusungirako zovuta

Control zida "Point" imavuta kwambiri zovuta. Kupeza ziyeneretso zofunika amatenga miyezi ingapo, ndipo pa nthawi yomweyo, ngakhale zinthu zili bwino kwambiri (musati kuthamangitsidwa moyo alumali, mawerengedwe mwaluso ndiponso kusapezeka kwa otsutsa yogwira kwa mdani) kugunda chitsimikizo zonse kuyambira pachiyambi chiyambi-mmwamba umo. Chida "Tochka-U 'mkulu-mwatsatanetsatane chida ayi. Akatswiri amanena kuti zotsatira zabwino chingapezeke ndi kutulutsidwa kwa zipolopolo zinayi, ndipo chimodzi mwa ndiye kwambiri kuti pa mapeto a njira yodutsamo ballistic adzakhala mkati mwa utali wozungulira wa makumi a mamita kuchokera chandamale. Tiyeneranso kuganizira mfundo yakuti mfundo za nthawi yadutsa kuyambira chitukuko cha zovuta izi zasintha. Ntchito "mfundo" kulimbana asilikali, militias kupanduka zikugwira ntchito pafupi midzi, osati zopusa koma chigawenga, makamaka anapatsidwa Choyenereza otsika kuwerengetsera roketi.