Kodi lumbiro? Zosiyanasiyana ndi phindu

Kodi lumbiro? Izi polonjeza kapena lumbiro mwamwambo chabe kukhulupirika. Masiku ano nthawi zambiri amaloweza lumbiro pa kutenga udindo. Zingakhalenso nkhondo kapena mankhwala (more imadziwika monga lumbiro Hippocratic). Iye analandira pamaso pa mboni Pa chikondwerero ndi mwangwiro ofunda. Kodi lumbiro? Tikhoza kunena azinga kulondola ndi chakuti mawu awa. Monga tanenera kale poyamba, lumbiro kapena lumbiro kukhala ndi chuma osiyana Chrixitu.

Lumbiro madokotala - ndi Hippocratic lumbiro

Pafupifupi theka zapitazo, wotchuka Greek dokotala, yemwe amatchedwa bambo wa mankhwala, analemba lumbiro odziwika. Zinali mtundu wa kachidindo wolemekezeka makhalidwe abwino kuti madokotala azindikire lero. Ambiri amatsatira chidwi, koma, kalanga, chikhulupiriro olakwika. Kodi zimenezi ndi odalirika? Maumboni akusonyeza kuti Hippocrates sanali wolemba cha lumbiro onse otchuka kuti china chirichonse ndi dzina lake. Komanso, pali chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti lumbiro wotchuka si kwathunthu zogwirizana ndi Baibulo wapachiyambi.

Ndani amene analemba izi, ndipo kodi phindu lili lero?

N'chifukwa chiyani chifukwa woti muzikaikire izo Hippocrates analemba lumbiro? Lumbiro kale ayamba za milungu yosiyanasiyana, monga iye amadziwika, iye anali woyamba amene anabweretsa mankhwala pa mlingo sayansi, kudzilekanitsa kotheratu izo ku chipembedzo ndi miyambo. m'nthawi yake anadziwa kuti anasankha kuyang'ana pa vuto zifukwa thupi, osati zinthu zauzimu. Inu simungakhoze kuiwala zochita zina oletsedwa ndi lumbira Hippocratic silimadzitsutsa mfundo zachipatala nthawi. Mwachitsanzo, pamene mimba kudzipha satsutsidwa ndi lamulo, ndipo ngakhale chipembedzo, koma ankaletsedwanso opaleshoni. Ndipo monga mukudziwa, za njira zambiri opaleshoni m'gulu mndandanda wa ntchito zina mankhwala omwe nthawi zambiri zimachitika Hippocrates. Mwa zimenezi kungakhale ndithu chidwi kwanzeru: lumbiriro, kapena lumbiro, mwina sizinalembedwe ndi Hippocrates.

Kwambiri za maganizo ndi nzeru, zomwe zimachitika chikalata ichi, m'malo zizigwirizana malingaliro Pythagorean kuti kulalikira kupatulika kwa moyo ndi kumuneneza ankatsutsa opaleshoni. Mwatsoka, wolemba chenicheni cha lumbiro wotchuka nakhalabe osadziwika kwa dziko. nthawi yonseyi, ndicho zaka twente-faifi, lumbiro kumakhudza yaikulu m'miyoyo ya anthu ndipo anali kuchita akafuna mankhwala. Pakali pano, lumbiro anatengedwa mu mabungwe ambiri zachipatala maphunziro. Nthawi zambiri izi zimachitika mu kupanga ndi ulaliki wa digirii ya udokotala.

lumbiro asilikali

Akukhulupirira kuti kutchula koyamba za izo a m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi. Inali pa nthawi iyi ya Kievan Yairo anali waukulu zida mphamvu kumuwombera. Izi zikutanthauza lumbiro? Mgulumo nawo m'gulu la asilikali wolimba, iye amayenera kupirira mayesero osiyanasiyana chifukwa cha kulimba mtima ndi dexterity. Pa bwinobwino wankhondo utangoyamba anadzipereka kuti lumbiro amenewa. ndi lumbiro lachitsimikizo kwa msilikali chiyani? Linali phwando limene linali mwambo kumpsompsona mtanda. Lumbiro limeneli, monga lero, anatengedwa mu kukhalapo kwa wansembe. M'kupita kwa nthawi, miyambo, ndipo ndithudi lumbiro asilikali kakusintha kusintha zinthu zina. Pakali pano, ndondomeko mwambowo anatsimikiza mtima onse malamulo asilikali. Mu ankhondo tsiku lumbiro ndi mwalamulo ankaona kuti chikondwerero. Msilikali aliyense amadziwa kufunika mwambowu. Lumbiro (tanthauzo anapatsidwa pamwamba) ndi wapadera lonjezo. Tanthauzo lomwelo ndi mofananira kuti mawu akuti "lumbiro".

Judicial lumbiro

Pakali pano, lumbiro bwalo m'mayiko ena, mwa Baibulo. More ndendende, icho anaika dzanja lake. Mwambo umenewu chinafala Zapakati. Baibulo ndi buku loyera, zikuoneka anatumikira monga ulamuliro ndi saloledwa kugona mu khoti. Kodi? Mu chochitika cha chinyengo kapena kulephera kulonjeza kuti amene analumbira kubala Chilango chaukali. Popeza anthu yochepa kwambiri amadziona kuti tikhale zachipembedzo, anthu ambiri mabwalo European kuganizira mmene kuchotsa lalifupi mwambo wa mlandu. Ena amakhulupirira zochita wolungama, chifukwa munthu amene sakudziwa chomwe lumbiro, simungathe kumvetsa akamanena za udindo umene apuma pa iye.

Nkofunika kudziwa kufunika

Palibe amene adzakane kuti mwambo wakale akuwalumbiritsa akadali zogwirizana masiku ano. Chirichonse chomwe icho chinali, lumbiro Hippocratic, lumbiro asilikali, kapena lumbiro mu khoti, muyenera anayandikira kwambiri. Munthu aliyense yekha ayenera kupeza chomwe ndi lumbiro ndi mmene zimakhudza moyo wake. Ndi mfundo zodalirika ndi apamwamba, mukhoza wanzeru, kuuzidwa zochita.