Gill arches nsomba. Nchito gill arches

The njira ya kupuma nsomba za mitundu iwiri: mpweya ndi madzi. kusiyana adanyamuka angwiro mu njira ya kusanduka, mchikakamizo cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana kunja. Ngati nsomba ndi chabe mtundu madzi kupuma, ndondomeko izi achita mothandizidwa ndi khungu ndi makutu. Nsomba, mtundu mpweya kupuma kwa ndondomekoyi ikuchitika ntchito matupi nadzhabernyh, chikhodzodzo kusambira, matumbo ndi kudzera pakhungu. Waukulu ziwalo kupuma, ndithudi, ndi makutu, ndi zina - wothandiza. Komabe, si nthawi zonse kuthandiza kapena matupi zina kuchita ntchito yachiwiri, ndipo nthawi zambiri iwo ndi ofunika kwambiri.

Kupuma nsomba

Cartilaginous ndi nsomba Bony ndi dongosolo losiyana la gill chimakwirira. Choncho, akale ndi partitions gill slits, amene amathandiza kunja kutsegula makutu mabowo osiyana. makoma awa okutidwa ndi pamakhala gill yatcheredwa nayenso zopezera Mitsempha. nyumba imeneyi ya chimakwirira gill bwino Chitsanzo cha cheza ndi nsombazo.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, mitundu deta ya septum Bony kuchepetsedwa ngati zosafunika, monga chimakwirira gill ndi mafoni okha. Gill arches nsomba kuchita ntchito ya chithandizo, ndi zomwe ziri gill filaments.

gill ntchito. gill arches

Ntchito yofunika kwambiri makutu ndi, ndithudi, kuwombola mpweya. Ndi thandizo lawo odzipereka mpweya ndi madzi, ndi kuti mpweya woipa adzamasulidwa (mpweya woipa). Koma ochepa mukudziwa kuti makutu a nsomba kumathandizanso kugawana madzi ndi saline kanthu. Choncho, pambuyo processing mu chilengedwe lachokera urea, amoniya, mchere kuwombola kumachitika pakati pa madzi ndi thupi nsomba, makamaka inakwaniritsidwa ayoni ndi sodium.

Mu ndondomeko ya kusinthika kwa zinthu ndi kusinthidwa wa subgroups ya zida nsomba gill ndi zinasintha. Choncho, Bony makutu nsomba kuyang'ana ngati crests, mu cartilaginous iwo zigwirizana mbale ndi kukhala cyclostomes sac kupanga makutu. Malinga ndi kapangidwe ka dongosolo kupuma ndi kapangidwe ndi osiyana, komanso ntchito za Chipilala gill nsomba.

kapangidwe

The makutu ili m'mbali mwa cavities nsomba Bony ziwalo ndipo atetezedwe chophimbira. Aliyense gill tichipeza arches asanu. Anayi arches gill ndi athanzi, ndi wina - achikalekale. Kuchokera kunja branchial imatambasula mbali zambiri otukukira kunja wa arcs mu filaments gill kuwonjezera, zochokera cheza cartilaginous. Gill arches kutumikira monga kuthandiza lobes amene asunga iwo pa maziko ake maziko ake ndi m'mbali ufulu mogwirizana m'kati ndi kunja pa ngodya pachimake ogwiritsa. Pa gill ndi filaments okha ali otchedwa mbale yachiwiri yomwe imakonzedwa transversely Lobe (kapena pamakhala, ngati iwo amatchedwa). Pa makutu ali ndi nambala yaikulu pamakhala, nsomba zosiyana ku 14 35 pa millimeter, pa msinkhu wa osapitirira 200 microns. Iwo ali wamng'ono kukula kuti m'lifupi kwawo sangafikire 20 m.

Ntchito yaikulu ya arches gill

Gill Arc inakhala ntchito ntchito ya limagwirira fyuluta ntchito rakers gill pabwino pa Arc wa moyang'anana M'mimbamo m'kamwa mwa nsomba. Izi zimathandiza kuti akuchedwa kuyimitsidwa pakamwa kuti ali mu ndime madzi, ndipo zosiyanasiyana tizilombo thanzi.

Malinga ndi zimene amadyetsa nsomba gill rakers komanso mutate; iwo zochokera monga mbale fupa. Choncho, ngati nsomba - chilombo, ndiye ali ndi stamens ndipo zili angakhale m'munsi zochepa ndi nsomba chakudya kokha zomera moyo mu ndime madzi, gill rakers mkulu ndi ili pakati. Anthu Nsomba zimene zili omnivores, stamens ndi malo pafupifupi pakati zilombo zolusa komanso planktivorous.

Mitsempha ya magazi a kufalitsa m'mapapo mwanga

Makutu a nsomba yowala pinki mtundu chifukwa wambirimbiri magazi apindula ndi oxygen. Izi ndi chifukwa chenicheni ndondomeko kufalitsidwa. Magazi, zomwe ndi zofunika zathu mpweya (venous), anasonkhana ku gulu lonse la nsomba ndi msempha m'mimba akulowa gill arches. M'mimba msempha bifurcates mu mtsempha wamagazi awiri bronchial, kenako wolumikizira branchial Chipilala, amene nawonso, ogaŵikana ambiri paddles mitsempha enveloping gill filaments, anakonza Mphepete lamkati la cheza cartilaginous. Koma izi si malire. Khumudwitsidwa mitsempha okha anawagawa chiwerengero chachikulu cha capillaries, kuzimata ndi mauna wandiweyani wa pamakhala mkati ndi kunja. M'mimba mwake wa capillaries ang'onoang'ono kwambiri motero kuti ndi wofanana kukula kwa erythrocyte ukugwira mpweya magazi. Choncho, arches gill kuchita ntchito ya kuthandiza stamens, ndi kupereka mpweya kuwombola.

Komano pamakhala onse mmphepete arterioles kuphatikiza chiwiya wosakwatiwa, ukuyenda mu mitsempha, atanyamula magazi, womwe umadutsa mu bronchial, ndiyeno mu dorsal msempha.

Ngati mumve zambiri za gill arches nsomba ndi phunziro histological, ndi bwino kuphunzira gawo kotenga. Choncho osati adzakhala kuonekera stamens ndipo pamakhala, komanso makutu kupuma amene chotchinga pakati pa sing'anga amadzimadzi ndi magazi.

makola awa Ng'ona ndi wosanjikiza umodzi wa epithelium, ndipo mkati - capillaries amathandiza maselo Pilar (Buku). Tifotokozereni wa capillaries ndi maselo kupuma kwambiri muzisowa zotsatira za chilengedwe kunja. Ngati pali wodetsedwa wa poizoni mu madzi, makoma awa pathupi, delamination zikachitika, ndipo iwo thicken. Ndi zinadzala ndi mavuto aakulu, monga ndondomeko zovuta kuwombola mpweya mu mwazi kumene mapeto hypoxia.

kuwombola mpweya nsomba

Kukonzekera nsomba chabe mpweya kumachitika mwa kuwombola mpweya. The chikhalidwe yaikulu ya magazi ndi patsogolo mpweya ndi nthenda zonse mwa madzi mu makutu, ndipo amafuna kuti Chipilala gill ndi zida lonse akuzisunga matabwa ake, ndiye ntchito ya arches gill nsomba si kusweka. Akakufunsani pamwamba Ayeneranso kukhalabe okhulupirika ake kwa oxygenation moyenera hemoglobin.

Pakuti kukhazikitsa chabe mpweya kuwombola mu magazi capillaries nsomba chimachititsanso mu zosemphana otaya magazi makutu a. Mbali zimenezi kumathandiza kuti m'zigawo pafupifupi kwathunthu kwa mpweya ndi madzi ndiponso kupangitsa magazi iwo. Anthu ena kuyeza ndende magazi mpweya ndi kulemekeza zikuchokera mu madzi ndi 80%. madzi kutuluka mwa makutu ndi chifukwa ikukoka izo kupyolera M'mimbamo gill, ntchito yaikulu imagwiridwa ndi kayendedwe ka mouthparts, ndipo gill chimakwirira.

Kodi Mzimuyo mlingo wa kupuma nsomba?

Chifukwa mbali khalidwe mukhoza kuwerengera ndalama kupuma nsomba zimene zimadalira gulu la gill chimakwirira. The ndende ya mpweya madzi ndi mpweya zili mu magazi bwanji pafupipafupi kupuma nsomba. Ndiponso, izi nyama zikuluzikulu za m'madzi atengeke woipa otsika mpweya kwambiri, kuchuluka kwa mpweya woipa m'magazi. Pafupipafupi kupuma nawonso anakhudzidwa ndi kutentha madzi, pH, komanso zinthu zina zambiri.

nsomba ali ndi luso makamaka kuchotsa nkhani yachilendo pamwamba pa arches gill ndipo cavities awo. Luso limeneli limatchedwa chifuwa. Operculums nthawi anaphimba, ndi ntchito n'zosiyana madzi kuyimitsidwa Zoyenda zonse ili makutu ndi, kutsukidwa madzi panopa. mawonetseredwe izi nsomba zambiri amapezeka ngati madzi zakhudzana ndi poizoni kapena suspensions.

mbali zina za makutu a

Kuwonjezera zazikulu, kupuma, makutu ntchito osmoregulation ndi ntchito excretory. Nsomba zamoyo ammoniotelicheskimi zoona, ngati zamoyo zonse moyo mu madzi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mapeto mankhwala a oipa thupi asafe munali ndi ammonia. Ndi kupyolera mu makutu izo chionekera kwa thupi la nsomba mu mawonekedwe a ayoni ammonium, motero kuyeretsa thupi. Kuwonjezera mpweya, kudzera makutu awo magazi chifukwa cha mayamwidwe chabe, salt kuchita otsika kulemera maselo mankhwala komanso wambirimbiri ayoni zochita kupanga mu ndime madzi. Kuwonjezera makutu, mayamwidwe wa zinthu zimenezi ikuchitika mwa nyumba wapadera.

Izi zikuphatikizapo maselo yeniyeni mankhwala enaake ntchito osmoregulation ntchito. Angathe ayoni chikusuntha sodium kolorayidi, pamene akusuntha mu zosiyana waukulu mayamwidwe masinthidwe amtundu.

Movement wa ayoni chlorine zimadalira nsomba zosiyanasiyana. Choncho, madzi oyera nsomba monovalent mankhwala enaake ayoni ali inasamutsidwa kuchoka m'madzi maselo a magazi, m'malo amene atayika chifukwa cha ntchito dongosolo excretory nsomba. Koma mu ndondomeko nsomba ikuchitika zosiyana: kusankha opangidwa kuchokera ku magazi a mu chilengedwe.

Ngati ndende madzi chinawonjezeka kwambiri zoipa zinthu mankhwala, ndiye wothandiza ntchito osmoregulyatsionnaya makutu akhoza kusweka. Chifukwa, magazi wosalowera chiwerengero cha zinthu zimene ziyenera kukhala ndi zambiri wambiri, zomwe zingathe kusokoneza boma la nyama. kulunjika ichi alibe nthawi negative. Choncho kudziwa Mbali imeneyi ya makutu tikhoza amalimbana ndi matenda ambiri a nsomba, kupanga mankhwala achire ndi katemera mwachindunji m'madzi.

Khungu kupuma nsomba zosiyana

Mwamtheradi nsomba zonse angalimbikitse khungu mpweya. Ndizo basi mmene imene kupangika - izo kumatengera zifukwa zambiri: m'badwo uno, ndi mmene chilengedwe, ndi ena ambiri. Choncho, ngati nsomba amakhala mu otaya ukonde madzi, kuchuluka kwa kupuma cutaneous ang'ono ndi chimachititsa% 10,2 yekha, koma Ndisanaumbidwe ntchito kupuma imagwiridwa yekha kudzera pakhungu, ndipo dongosolo mtima cholic thumba.

Colonic mpweya

Malinga chilengedwe zimasiyanasiyana njira ya kupuma nsomba. Choncho, otentha mlamba ndi loach nsomba mwachangu kupuma mothandizidwa ndi intestine lapansi. Pamene ingested mpweya afika kumeneko kale ndi tinjira wandiweyani Mitsempha mu magazi. Njira anayamba nsomba chifukwa zinthu zenizeni za malo okhala. The madzi mu malo awo mogwirizana ndi kutentha, ali otsika mpweya ndende, amene amakula ndi kupanda otaya ndi turbidity. Chifukwa cha kusintha zamoyo zinachita mu amatunga nsomba ngati anaphunzira kupulumuka ntchito mpweya mpweya.

An ntchito zina za chikhodzodzo kusambira

chikhodzodzo kusambira lakonzedwa kuti lamulo hydrostatic. Izi ndi ntchito yake yaikulu. Komabe, mu Mitundu ina ya nsomba chikhodzodzo kusambira ali woyenera kupuma. Izo ntchito monga mosungiramo kwa mpweya.

nyumba mitundu ya chikhodzodzo kusambira

Malinga ndi kapangidwe anatomical wa chikhodzodzo kusambira mitundu yonse ya nsomba anawagawa:

• physostomous;
• zakrytopuzyrnyh.

Gulu loyamba ndi ochuluka kwambiri ndipo ndi yaikulu, pamene gulu zakrytopuzyrnyh nsomba ndi otsika. Pamafunikanso, nsomba, mullet, m'nyanja zikuluzikulu stickleback ndi ena nsomba physostomous, potengera dzina, ndi chikhodzodzo kusambira lidzatsegulidwa kulankhula ndi waukulu matumbo otaya, pamene zakrytopuzyrnyh, motero, -. No.

Carp komanso ndi dongosolo yeniyeni ya chikhodzodzo kusambira. Iwo agawidwa kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo zipinda zomwe ogwirizana lalifupi ndi yopapatiza njira. Zapambuyo chipinda khoma chikhodzodzo zigwirizana zipolopolo ziwiri, kunja ndi mkati, pamene kunja si m'chipinda kumbuyo.

Vystlan swimbladder mzere umodzi wa epithelium squamous, pambuyo pake angapo connective lotayirira, minofu minofu mtima wosanjikiza. Swimbladder ali achilendo iye yekha basi pearlescent chinyezimiro, omwe amaperekedwa ndi wapadera wandiweyani connective minofu ndi dongosolo fibrous. Pofuna mphamvu ya kuwira kunja zipinda ziwiri okutidwa ndi zotanuka Kakhungu serous.

kukhotakhota limba

A ochepa nsomba otentha anayamba limba zenizeni monga kukhotakhota ndi nadzhaberny. Mitundu uli makropody, gourami, cockerels ndi snakehead. Mapangidwe zingaoneke monga kusintha pharynx, amene adziwonetsa limba nadzhaberny kapena bulges gill M'mimbamo (otchedwa kukhotakhota thupi). cholinga chawo chachikulu - n'zotheka kupeza mpweya mpweya.