Chowunikira amakambirana: kapangidwe ndi ntchito

The zambiri kudza kwa dziko kunja amaona mwa mphamvu. Chifukwa cha ntchito yawo kusankha thupi la munthu akhoza kukwanira kuwathandiza onse chilengedwe. Mapeto a ntchito kwa ziwalo, kutanthauza kumva, kuona, kununkhiza, kulawa, chogwirika kutengeka ndi vestibular zotengeka ndi zikamera ndi kuzindikira zimene zikuchitika.

The kwambiri Russian physiologist I. P. Pavlov anapeza kuti mapangidwe zomverera kutenga mbali ya malo ubongo yokhudza kotekisi amene misempha centripetal wa chisangalalo amachokera zolandilira mitsempha. KA wopangidwa mwa ziwalo za kotekisi oziziritsa ndi njira - misempha ndipo zolandilira, iye anatcha chowunikira kapena kachipangizo kachitidwe. Gustatory chowunikira, kapangidwe ndi ntchito za amene akufotokozera anatomical ake ndi mbali morphological, tikambirana chiyani m'nkhani ino.

Limagwirira wa pakutchulidwa kukoma

Pafupifupi onse zinthu ife ntchito monga chakudya, kukoma. The Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa ndi 4 zofunika kukoma: lokoma, zowawa, wowawasa ndi mchere maganizo ndi zosiyanasiyana chowunikira amene amachita flavoring. Kukumana angafotokozedwe monga kuzindikira mamolekyulu zinthu mankhwala m'gulu la zolandilira zakudya ili mkamwa ndipo pa lilime. Pofuna kumvetsa ndi ntchito ya chowunikira kulawa, ife titembenukira kwa kuphunzira matabwa ake. Choncho lingalirani Zikuwoneka ngati malowa cha thupi lathu.

M'madipatimenti kulawa chowunikira

Mu thupi lathu, pali njira yapadera, amene ali ndi udindo kumva, kuona, kununkhiza, ndi mphamvu chogwirika. Gustatory chowunikira, kapangidwe ndi ntchito zimene timaphunzira tichipeza zigawo zitatu. Woyamba amatchedwa zotumphukira, kapena cholandilira. Nthawi yomweyo samazidziwa ndi zikuchitika za chilengedwe kuti chifukwa mathero mitsempha mafunde ofooka, wodziwonetsa ku zikhumbo bioelectric.

Iwo opatsirana mu gulu lachiwiri la chowunikira kukoma - Wochititsa. Iye ukufanizidwa ndi afferent mitsempha. Ndi mukubwadamuka Lifikira yokhudza kotekisi gawo flavoring chowunikira, amene ali m'madera yeniyeni ubongo, ndipo m'mene pali mapangidwe kukoma.

Features wa zotumphukira

Flavoring chowunikira, monga tanena kale, tichipeza zigawo zitatu. Taganizirani mwatsatanetsatane pa lilime kapena zotumphukira kulekanitsidwa. Iwo kuuzenga chemoreceptors zikuchitika cholinga mu mawonekedwe a mankhwala osiyana mankhwala, ndipo ankadziwa izo pa mphamvu, khalidwe (modality) ndi mphamvu. Chemoreceptors ndi mbali ya kumva kukoma, mababu kapena kuti dontholo pakamwa ndi lilime. The molekezera mitsempha kuti ali tcheru kukoma mchere, yomwe ili pa nsonga ya lilime pa m'mbali, kuti owawa - pa mizu ya lilime, ndi wokoma - pa nsonga, kuti wowawasa - pa konsekonse.

The kwambiri kukoma Mphukira sukupita mwachindunji padziko Kakhungu mucous ya chinenero, ndipo mogwirizana ndi zimenezi kudzera pore kukoma. Aliyense chemoreceptor limapangidwa ku villi 40 mpaka 50. Zinthu m'gulu kukhudzana chakudya ndi kuwapweteka iwo, umene mu gawo zotumphukira wa gustatory ndondomeko dongosolo kukondoweza zikachitika, pakubwezeretsa mu chilakolako chogonana. Ndi zaka, anthu kukoma tilinazo pakhomo ndi kuchuluka, mwachitsanzo luso kuzindikira oonetsera osiyanasiyana zokha.

Nyama, tilinazo wa chowunikira kukoma ndi zaka nkomwe kusintha Komanso, ubale kukoma ndi machitidwe olfactory anasonyeza zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mu amphaka kulawa masamba (Jacobson machubu) ndi imodzi komanso olfactory mitsempha mathero, zomwe zimalimbikitsa bwino tsankho khalidwe la chakudya.

Mmene Kulumikizana gawo

Kupitiriza kufufuza malo a chowunikira kukoma, ganizirani mmene zikhumbo mitsempha ku chemoreceptors angafikire ubongo. Kuti tichite zimenezi, pali gawo la Kulumikizana. Iwo ukufanizidwa ndi njira umodzi CHIKWANGWANI. Pamafunikanso misempha ochepa: nkhope, glossopharyngeal, vagus, ndi lingual. Ndi iye zilakolako mitsempha kufika pa tsinde ubongo - mu za medulla oblongata ndi mlatho, ndi kwa iwo - kwa thalamus chamawonedwe (thalamus) ndipo potsiriza, mu Lobe zosatha wa kotekisi ubongo.

Kuwonongeka kwa wochititsa gawo flavoring chowunikira, mwachitsanzo, chifukwa cha nkhope mitsempha paresis chifukwa kufa tsankho cha kuzindikira kukoma. Mu njira opaleshoni, mwachitsanzo, mu ntchito pa nkhope chigaza gawo amachepetsa conduction kwa zikhumbo za mitsempha pamodzi misempha thirakiti yekha, makamaka nkhope ndi vagus, amene akutitsogolera kuti kuchepa tilinazo kukoma.

Yokhudza kotekisi dipatimenti gustatory dongosolo

gawo yokhudza kotekisi wa analyzers aliyense alipo kwenikweni umaimiridwa ndi gawo lolingana a chapakati mantha dongosolo, yomwe ili kotekisi ubongo. Iwo anagwira ntchito yaikulu ya chowunikira kukoma - maganizo ndi kusiyana kukoma. Kukondoweza kwa mitsempha utuluke centripetal mu Lobe zosatha wa kotekisi oziziritsa, kumene komaliza zosiyanasiyana limapezeka amchere owawa, wokoma ndi wowawasa kukoma kwa chakudya.

Ubale wa kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya chowunikira kukoma

Onse magulu atatu dongosolo gustatory ali inextricably zogwirizana. Kuwonongeka kwa aliyense mbali awa (cholandilira, mawaya kapena Nkhata Bay) kapena kugwirizana awo kumam'phunzitsa wina imfa ya luso kuona kukoma ndi tsankho. Anatomical dongosolo flavoring chowunikira ndiyo kulunjika wa zomverera kukoma zimene zimachitika chifukwa kukondoweza kwa chemoreceptors wa masamba kukoma.

Kudya. Kodi iye anachokera kuti?

Maganizo ndi thupi zofuna mu kudya chakudya ndi maganizo abwino amene angapeze musanayambe kumwa ake mu njira ya chakudya, wotchedwa kudya. Pa mapangidwe ake kuwonjezera pa limba zithunzi nawo ndi kukoma dongosolo olfactory.

Mtundu fungo la chakudya ndipo, ndithudi, kukoma kwake ndi wabwino zikuchitika, kuchititsa mathero mitsempha masamba kukoma malemeredwe ndondomeko. Akulowa pakati m'mimba ili mu medulla oblongata, komanso dongosolo la dongosolo limbic ndi thalamus.

mouthfeel kuzindikira injini

Monga tanenera asayansi physiologists malemeredwe n'lakuti chakudya, olfactory ndi zikuchitika zithunzi (kulawa, maonekedwe ndi fungo la chakudya) m'chilankhulo cha chemoreceptors lapansi. Kubvomereza osiyanasiyana kukoma (owawa, okoma, wowawasa, mchere) ndi mithunzi kudzera mwa mawunikidwe ndi kupanga ntchito ubongo mbali apamwamba - ndi kotekisi ubongo. Lake Lobe kanthawi ndipo ndi likulu la kukoma.

pathologies zosiyanasiyana ndi kuvulala, amene amaloŵamo chowunikira flavoring patsogolo kwa ageusia - tsankho kapena wathunthu imfa ya zomverera kukoma. Komanso angayambe munthu wathanzi chifukwa cha matenda tizilombo kupuma (rhinitis, sinusitis) limene kutupa zimawonedwa nasopharyngeal mucosa. Hyperthermia (kutentha mu njira yotupa mu thupi) komanso amachepetsa tilinazo chemoreceptors.

kusanthula Kukhudza chakudya

Ngakhale Kapangidwe ka chowunikira kukoma anthu onse mofanana, ena mwa ife, chifukwa, choyamba, mbali chibadwa, ali otsika pakhomo. Chifukwa, pali mwai luso kuti athe mitundu chakudya ndi oonetsera. The chowunikira kukoma ndi olfactory anthu amenewa amatchedwa tasters angathe kusiyanitsa mu kukoma ndi fungo Mwachitsanzo, mitundu 200 450 a tiyi. Ambiri a ife ntchito kukoma dongosolo imalandira makamaka kwa Kupenda palatability zakudya, potero kupeza chosowa awo mwatsopano ndi chakudya khalidwe koyenera kuti uziyenda yachibadwa pa mundawo m'mimba.

Chemoreceptors kulawa tilinazo zingasiyane. Choncho, kumawonjezera pa mimba (zizindikiro toxicosis), pa mkaka wa m'mawere, nkhawa. M'mikhalidwe wamba kukoma ungalimbe Mwachitsanzo, kutentha chakudya kwa 30-40 ° C. Njira imeneyi ntchito ndondomeko ya kuyerekeza kukoma kwa chakudya ndi zakumwa. Mwachitsanzo, vinyo ndi mowa pamaso kulawa kwenikweni mkangano.

Nkhaniyi kuwunikira kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya chowunikira kukoma. Komanso ankafufuza ntchito ka maganizo ndi zosiyanasiyana za zikuchitika chilengedwe.