Chifukwa mkaka sours ndi zofunkha mwamsanga

Mkaka - lofunika chakudya mankhwala. Nzosadabwitsa makolo athu Malo ng'ombe "namwino." Chifukwa katundu wake wapadera, ndi gwero la zakudya zambiri ndi maziko kwa kupanga gulu lalikulu la mkaka ndi mkaka. kupanga izi ndi zotheka chifukwa cha chizolowezi kumwa nayonso mphamvu. Kumvetsa chifukwa mkaka akutembenukira wowawasa, tiyeni tiwone chimene tichipeza.

Kodi zinthu zopezeka mu mkaka

Mkaka anafuna kudyetsa ana zolengedwa zoyamwitsa. Pamafunikanso uthunthu wonse wa zakudya zofunika kukula ndi chitukuko cha makanda. Digestibility zakudya ndi mkulu ndi pafupi 95%.

Ndi mkaka wa nyama za mitundu yosiyanasiyana zimasiyana kwambiri mu zopatsa mphamvu ndi wokhutira kachulukidwe zinthu kwachilengedwenso. Tiyeni akukhala zikuchokera mkaka wa ng'ombe. Lili popanga mfundo zotsatirazi:

• Madzi - 87,5%.
• Mafuta - 3.5%.
• Mapuloteni - casein, albumin, globulin - 3.3%.
• Mkaka shuga - lactose - 4.7%.
• Macro- ndi microelements (mchere gawo) - 1%.
• Mavitamini.
• Michere.
• Zimawatengera kuti kuteteza akhanda ku matenda.

Palinso ena kuchuluka kwa tizilombo za nyama yachibadwa mu mkaka. Iwo ali yankho la funso "chifukwa wowawasa mkaka?". Biology tizilombo ndiponso, chifukwa, mtundu wa nayonso mphamvu chifukwa cha iwo amasiyana.

Mabakiteriya kuti chifukwa nayonso mphamvu anakhumba

The "wothandiza" fermenting mkaka nawo asidi lactic, mabakiteriya propionic asidi, mbewu kefir ndi mkaka yisiti.

Lactic mabakiteriya asidi ali mkaka mu pompo-pompo ndipo waukulu "culprits" chifukwa mkaka wowawasa. Biology mabakiteriya zochokera processing wa lactose ku asidi lactic. Chifukwa, chakumwa acidity kuchuluka, ndi mapuloteni casein sanamvere. Mitundu ina ya mabakiteriya lactic asidi anadzetsa mkaka mwachindunji yogurt, kanyumba tchizi, wowawasa tchizi mkaka, wowawasa kirimu ndi acidophilus. gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo: acidophilic, Chibugariya tchizi, ndi lactic asidi Bacillus; lactic streptococci.

Propionic mabakiteriya asidi anadzetsa mkaka kupanga tchizi. Chifukwa cha processing wa mkaka shuga anapanga propionic acid acetic ndi mpweya adzamasulidwa.

Imodzi ndi lactic asidi nayonso mphamvu ya mkaka akhoza ikuyenda ndi nayonso mphamvu mowa. Iwo oyamba ndi yisiti yeniyeni ndi ntchito yopanga yogurt.

Pakuti curdled mkaka lonse yokwanira kuchoka mu malo otentha kwa masiku 1-2. Koma kupanga mankhwala ena tizilombo anakhumba anadzetsa gawo lapansi okonzeka. Ichi n'chifukwa mkaka akutembenukira wowawasa ndi chifukwa makamaka.

zoipa yogurt

Kuwonjezera pa nayonso mphamvu anakhumba, ena tizilombo chifukwa butyric asidi nayonso mphamvu. Ndicho chifukwa mabodza mkaka - owawa. Sporulating mabakiteriya asidi butyric kutembenuza lactose mu carbon dioxide, asidi butyric ndi wa hydrogen. Chifukwa, mkaka amakhala owawa kukoma ndi zosasangalatsa fungo. nayonso mphamvu izi zimachitika makamaka mkaka chosawilitsidwa ndi pasteurized, komanso tchizi. chakuti tizilombo ting'onoting'ono anasamutsa kutentha butyric kuwira kwa nthawi yaitali (mphindi 30) ndi kukhalabe nzika yekha angathe skvasit mankhwala.

Chifukwa china chimene mkaka akutembenukira wowawasa ndipo kukoma zosasangalatsa kungakhale zosauma mabakiteriya osauka mu mkaka atsopano mu mwambo kuipitsidwa, ndi kuphwanya zikhalidwe za yosungirako. Putrefactive mabakiteriya kumasintha mmene pa mankhwala pa kutentha m'munsimu + 10 ° C, asidi yotheka lactic pa + 10 ° C - + 20 ° C. Mosiyana ndi asidi lactic, tizilomboto putrefactive akuphedwa ndi pasteurization, kotero mkaka kuchokera mu thumba zambiri "kukhala ovunda" osati skvashivaetsya. Mu nkhani iyi, tizilombo kuphwanya mapuloteni ndi mafuta a mkaka, imbaenda mankhwala ndi kuvunda khalidwe kapena owola fungo rancid.

Chifukwa mkaka sours msanga

Mlingo wa nayonso mphamvu ya mkaka kumatengera zifukwa zingapo.

• Kutentha akadakwanitsira chitukuko mabakiteriya lactic ndi kuchokera + 30 ° C kwa 40 ° C. Pa kutentha, mkaka ankasinthana wowawasa kwambiri mofulumira. Choncho mankhwala mu firiji pa + 4 ° C.
• Mkaka anagula mu shopu, mwamsanga akutembenukira wowawasa, ngakhale pamene kusungidwa mu firiji chifukwa kuphwanya luso kupanga. Atha kukhala: kulephera kutsatira ulamuliro ukhondo pa famu kukama mkaka ndi kayendedwe, kulephera mu njira yolera yotseketsa ndondomeko ya mankhwala, kuphwanya kukhulupirika kwa ma CD, osauka khalidwe ma CD zipangizo ndi zina zotero.

Tikumbukenso kuti mkaka atsopano souring - masoka njira firiji, izo zikuyamba pambuyo pafupifupi 12-24 maola pambuyo Forestripping ku ng'ombe imodzi. mkaka obwerawa sours msanga. Zokulitsa alumali moyo ntchito ngati njira zamakono, monga pasteurization ndi njira yolera yotseketsa. Iwo zochokera mankhwala matenthedwe la mankhwala, koma osiyana kukhudzana mode.

pasteurization

Pasteurisation mkaka ikuchitika mu njira zingapo:

• Yoyambitsidwa kwa mphindi 30 pa + 65 ° C.
• Pa kutentha + 75 ° C kwa masekondi 15 mpaka 40.
• Kutentha + 85 ° C, mankhwalawa nthawi ya masekondi 8-10.

mkaka amenewa akuzisunga mbali yaikulu ya mavitamini ndi michere, ndipo ambiri mabakiteriya akuphedwa. "Pakati pa" okha kutentha zosagwira tizilombo ting'onoting'ono. Ichi n'chifukwa mkaka yaitali sours. mkaka pasteurized awasungira mu firiji kwa masabata 2. Komanso mankhwala chotero ntchito kupanga tizilombo osiyanasiyana n'kupanga imatsogoleredwa nayonso mphamvu.

Njira yabwino kusunga pazipita zinthu zothandiza - kopitilira muyeso-pasteurization. Ndi njira imeneyi mkaka pansi pa kutentha (+ 135 ° C) masekondi 3-4. mankhwala ndiye utakhazikika kwa + 4 ° C ndi mmatumba mu CD wosabala. Mosiyana alipidwa pasteurisation kugonjetsedwa mitundu spore (monga mabakiteriya putrefactive) akuphedwa. UHT mkaka akhoza kusungidwa mu firiji kwa miyezi iwiri.

yolera yotseketsa

Yolera yotseketsa amapha tizilombo onse. mkaka Ichi ndi wosabala, odzaza mu CD aseptic, ali ndi alumali moyo wa miyezi 12. Aliyense akudziwa, chifukwa si wowawasa amamwa mkaka pambuyo otentha, - chifukwa bakiteriya akuphedwa. Koma kunyumba palibe njira kuchita processing apamwamba kutentha ndi kupereka mabakiteriya wopanda ntchito m'dera ndi ma CD aseptic. Koma chilengedwe mafakitale mkaka chosawilitsidwa pa kutentha +120 - + 150 ° C kwa mphindi 20-30. Chotero malonda ndi phindu zochepa chifukwa ambiri a mavitamini ndi michere anawonongedwa. Komanso chifukwa n'zosatheka kuti akonze opangidwa kuchokera ku asidi lactic.

Osati wowawasa mkaka ng'ombe kwawo?

Chifukwa china chimene mkaka osati wowawasa ng'ombe, angakhale kuphwanya kagayidwe mu thupi la ng'ombe. Mu nkhani ya chiŵerengero pachithunzichi chakudya shuga ndi mapuloteni, matenda kumachitika pamene mapuloteni overfeeding wotchedwa "ketosis." Ketone mkaka ndi zoipa kwa thupi, pafupifupi skvashivaetsya ndi wa kirimu wapadera akutembenukira wowawasa ndi aftertaste owawa.

Fermenting mkaka mankhwala

mkaka ndi kuyambira nthawi zakale. Chikhalidwe chilichonse ali njira yakeyake kukonza chakudya chodabwitsa ichi ndi zabwino. Akusiyana makamaka zikuchokera koyamba mkaka ndi kufotokozera Sourdough.

• Yogurt n'zosavuta kukonzekera kunyumba. Kuti tichite zimenezi, kuwonjezera ofunda yophika mkaka mukubwadamuka - ndi amsupuni cha yogurt kapena wowawasa kirimu. Pamalo otentha kwa tsiku. Kefir - ndi Chiyukireniya yogurt ku mkaka ofunda.
• Acidophilus akulimbikitsidwa anthu ndi matenda matumbo. mankhwala mwangwiro imatsitsimula microflora pa mundawo m'mimba.
• yogurt nthawi zambiri anawonjezera kuti zipatso ndi mabulosi kumadzazidwa.
• Kefir angakhale mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Kefir mbewu imene ipangidwa ndi mankhwala pachiyambi, kutulutsa asidi lactic ndi nayonso mphamvu mowa. Okhutira mowa ya chakumwa cha ranges kuchokera 0.2% kuti 0,6%, malingana ndi nthawi ya kusasitsa. Konzani yogurt akhoza kukhala kunyumba, koma kuti mukufuna chikhalidwe cha m'bowawo. Kale, yogurt ndi amtengo chotupitsa vigilantly kulondera m'maso kuwafunsa mafunso ochititsa manyazi ndi kudutsa mayi wamkazi ngati malowolo a.
• Koumiss anakonza anthu a ku Central Asia ku Mare kapena mkaka ngamila. Izo kuchiritsa katundu ku matenda a m'mimba ndipo matumbo, ndi chifuwa chachikulu.
• Tchizi, kanyumba tchizi, batala kisloslivochnoe komanso okonzeka ndi zosiyanasiyana starters.

Kusunga mkaka ndi mkaka mankhwala mu woyera chidebe losindikizidwa, kusunga kutentha ndi imene inatchulidwa pa ma CD ndi Mlengi. Tsatirani malangizo, ndi funso la "chifukwa msanga wowawasa mkaka?" Kodi osadzuka. Ngati palibe malangizo omveka bwino pa mode yosungirako, motsogozedwa ndi kutentha kwa + 4 ° C - ndi oyenera pafupifupi onse mkaka. Kumbukirani kuti zakudya mkaka amafuna chisamaliro kusamala ndi zakudya zisawonongeke zingachititse poizoni kwambiri.