Mphamvu ya dzuŵa - ichi ... Pogwiritsa mapanelo dzuwa

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, asayansi ndi chidwi magwero mphamvu zina. Mafuta ndi gasi adzatha posachedwa kapena mtsogolo, kotero kuganizira mmene ife tipulumuke imeneyi, m'pofunika tsopano. Ku Ulaya, mphepo turbines ankagwiritsa ntchito, amene akuyesa kuchotsa mphamvu kuchokera m'nyanja, ndipo ife kulankhula za mphamvu ya dzuwa. Ndipotu, nyenyezi ija tikuona pafupifupi tsiku lililonse mu mlengalenga, kungatithandize kusamalira chuma sanali zongowonjezwdwa ndi kusintha chilengedwe. Kufunika kwa dzuwa Padziko Lapansi sitingalephere kukambapo - likupereka kutentha, kuwala ndi amalola ntchito ya moyo wonse pa dziko. Choncho mungachite kumupeza ntchito ina?

A mbiri pang'ono

Cha m'ma 19 m'ma wasayansi, dzina lake Aleksandr Edmon Bekkerel anapeza zotsatira photovoltaic. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma Charlz Fritts anayamba chipangizo choyamba angathe processing dzuwa mphamvu mu magetsi. Ife ntchito selenium TACHIMATA ndi wosanjikiza zonyalazo golide. mmene anali ofooka, koma Kutulukira izi amaganizira chiyambi cha mphamvu dzuwa nyengo. Akatswiri ena sindimagwirizana ndi chiphunzitso ichi. Iwo anamutcha tate wa nyengo ya dzuwa mphamvu otchuka wasayansi Alberta Eynshteyna. Mu 1921 iye analandira Nobel Prize mfundo za malamulo a mmene kunja photoelectric.

Zingatanthauze kuti dzuwa mphamvu - limeneli ndi njira zingamuthandize chitukuko. Koma pali mavuto ambiri kuti izo kupsa mu m'nyumba iliyonse - makamaka zachuma ndi a zachilengedwe. Kodi m'gulu la mtengo mapanelo dzuwa, mmene mavuto angathe kuyambitsa chilengedwe ndi zimene wina pali njira kupanga mphamvu, timaphunzira ina.

njira kudzikundikira

Ntchito onena kugwirizana ndi kuweta mphamvu ya dzuwa, si kulandira, koma kudzikundikira. Ndipo izi ndi zovuta kwambiri. Panopa, asayansi yapangidwa njira 3 okha kuweta zonse mphamvu ya dzuwa.

Woyamba zachokera ntchito galasi parabolic ndi pang'ono ngati kusewera ndi galasi lokulitsira, amene ali bwino onse kuyambira ali mwana. Kuwala umadutsa mandala, kusonkhanitsa nthawi inayake. Ngati kuyika chidutswa cha pepala, izo kuyatsa monga kutentha anawoloka dzuŵa ndi amazipanga mkulu mu malo awa. Galasi parabolic ndi chimbale concave, chokhala mbale osaya. galasi ichi, mosiyana ndi magnifier Kodi kachilombo koma amasonyeza dzuwa anasonkhanitsa pa nthawi ina, limene ambiri lotsogozedwa ndi chitoliro wakuda madzi. Mtundu uwu ntchito chifukwa yabwino zimatenga kuwala. Madzi mu chubu pansi zochita za dzuwa heats ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito kupangira magetsi kapena magetsi a nyumba yaing'ono.

lathyathyathya chotenthetsera

njira amagwiritsa ntchito dongosolo chosiyana. Dzuwa wolandila amaoneka ngati dongosolo Mipikisano magawo. mfundo zake ntchito ili.

Kudutsa galasi, cheza kugwa pa zitsulo zinada amene amadziwika bwino zimatenga kuwala. cheza dzuwa n'kukhala mphamvu matenthedwe , ndi likamatenthetsa madzi, pansi mbale chitsulo. Ndiponso, zikuchitika monga mu njira yoyamba. The madzi mkangano angagwiritsidwe ntchito kaya magetsi kapena yopangira mphamvu zamagetsi. Komabe, mphamvu ya njira imeneyi si kwambiri moti ntchito kulikonse.

Childs, Choncho analandira mphamvu ya dzuwa - ndi ofunda. Chifukwa magetsi ali zambiri amakhala ndi ntchito njira lachitatu.

maselo dzuwa

Ambiri a ife bwino magwero amenewa mphamvu. Zimatengera ntchito mabatire zosiyanasiyana kapena mapanelo dzuwa, amene angapezeke pa madenga a ambiri a m'nyumba masiku ano. Njira imeneyi imagwira kobvuta kale anafotokoza, koma zambiri zingamuthandize. Ndi iyeyu wakupatsani mphamvu kutembenuka dzuwa mphamvu mu magetsi padziko lonse mafakitale.

mapanelo Special anafuna kugwila cheza anapanga timibulu silika kulemera. Dzuwa kugwa pa iwo, agogoda ndi elekitironi mwa njira yake. M'malo mwake, nthawi yomweyo amafunsira wina, Choncho analandira mosalekeza avundulidwe unyolo, amene amalenga panopa. Izo ntchito yomweyo ngati kuli kofunika kupereka zipangizo kapena kusungidwa mu mawonekedwe a magetsi mabatire wapadera.

Kutchuka kwa njira zochokera chakuti timatha inu kuposa 120 Watts ndi mita lalikulu umodzi wokha wa gulu dzuwa. Pankhaniyi mapanelo ndi makulidwe ochepa, amene amalola iwo kuika pafupifupi kulikonse.

Mitundu mapanelo pakachitsulo

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya maselo dzuwa. Woyamba pogwiritsa ntchito galasi pakachitsulo umodzi. Mwachangu awo pafupifupi 15%. Izi mapanelo dzuwa ndi mtengo kwambiri.

Mwachangu maselo zopangidwa polycrystalline pakachitsulo, ukufika 11%. Iwo ndalama zochepa monga mfundo iwo analandira ndi luso chosavuta. Mtundu wachitatu ndi ndalama zambiri ndipo ali ndi dzuwa osachepera. Izi gulu la pakachitsulo amorphous, ndiye si crystalline. Kuwonjezera ntchito osauka, ndi wina drawback - fragility.

Anthu ena opanga kuonjezera Mwachangu kumafuna mbali zonse za gululi dzuwa - kumbuyo ndi kutsogolo. Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti agwire kuwala mabuku lalikulu, ndi kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa mphamvu umatulutsa 15-20%.

opanga zoweta

Dzuwa mphamvu mu dziko likupitirirabe wamba. Ngakhale mu dziko lathu ndife kuphunzira za mafakitale. Ngakhale kuti Russia sipanatenge wokangalika ndi chitukuko cha mphamvu zina, ena patsogolo wakhala akwaniritsa. Panopa chilengedwe mapanelo kwa dzuwa mphamvu zimatenga mabungwe angapo - makamaka mabungwe maphunziro a mitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndi mafakitale kwa yopanga zida zamagetsi.

1. SPF "Quark".
2. JSC "Kovrov Mawotchi Bzalani".
3. Onse-Russian Institute Research kwa Electrification a Agriculture.
4. Machine Building NPO.
5. AO VIEN.
6. JSC "Ryazan Bzalani zipangizo zitsulo-ceramic."
7. JSC Pravdinsky woyendetsa chomera magwero a yatsopano "zabwino".

Imeneyi ndi mbali yaing'ono ya makampani, potenga gawo mu chitukuko cha mphamvu zina mu Russia.

Impact pa chilengedwe

Chokana wa malasha ndi mphamvu mafuta magwero sikuti chikugwirizana ndi chakuti zinthu izi adzachita posapita nthawi yatha. Popeza kuti zili zoipa kwambiri kwa chilengedwe - kuipitsa nthaka, mpweya ndi madzi, amathandiza kuti chitukuko cha matenda anthu ndi kuchepetsa chitetezo chokwanira. N'chifukwa chake magwero njira ya mphamvu ayenera kukhala otetezeka ku mfundo chilengedwe view.

Pakachitsulo, amene ntchito yopanga maselo dzuwa palokha ndi otetezeka, chifukwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe. Koma pambuyo kukonza ikhala bwinja. Iwo akhoza kuvutitsa anthu ndi chilengedwe ngati yosayenera ntchito.

Komanso, malo kwathunthu wokhala ndi mapanelo dzuwa, akhoza kusokoneza kuyatsa achilengedwe. Izi zidzapangitsa kuti kusintha mu topezeka alipo. Koma ambiri, mmene pa chilengedwe cha zipangizo kutembenuka mphamvu dzuwa kochepa.

chuma

Mtengo kwambiri popanga maselo dzuwa imakhudzana ndi kukwera mtengo kwa zipangizo. Monga momwe taonera, ndi mapanelo apadera analengedwa ntchito pakachitsulo. Ngakhale kuti mchere izi inafalitsidwa mu chirengedwe, ndi nyama, womangidwa ndi vuto lalikulu. Mfundo yakuti pakachitsulo, ndiwo kuposa kotala ya unyinji wa kutumphuka dziko lapansi, si oyenera kupanga maselo dzuwa. Chifukwa chaichi, abwino zakuthupi wangwiro kokha akamagwira njira mafakitale. Mwatsoka, mwa mchenga kuti pakachitsulo koyera mabvuto kwambiri.

Mtengo gwero izi n'zofanana ndi ureniamu ntchito zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya. Ndicho chifukwa chake mtengo maselo dzuwa panopa amakhalabe pa mlingo mwachilungamo mkulu.

zamakono

Zoyesayesa oyamba zikhale dzuwa mphamvu kumeneko kwa nthawi yaitali. Kuyambira pamenepo, akatswiri ambiri zimayesetsa kusaka zipangizo kothandiza kwambiri. Izo ziyenera kukhala osati mpikisano zachuma komanso yaying'ono. imachita ayenera kuyesetsa pazipita lapansi.

Masitepe oyamba chipangizo abwino kulandira ndipo akatembenuka dzuwa mphamvu zasintha Kutulukira mabatire pakachitsulo. Inde, mtengo si mkulu, koma mapanelo akhoza adzaikidwa pa madenga ndi zipupa za nyumba kumene sikusokoneza aliyense. Mwachangu wa mabatire amenewa ndi zachidziwikire.

Koma njira yabwino kuonjezera kutchuka kwa dzuwa mphamvu - kupanga izo mtengo. Asayansi German kale kuti njira m'malo pakachitsulo, ulusi kupanga, amene akhoza Integrated mu nsalu kapena zipangizo zina. Mwachangu umenewu selo dzuwa si kwambiri. Koma malaya interspersed ndi ulusi kupanga akhoza osachepera, kupereka magetsi kuti foni kapena player. Kugwira ntchito m'munda wa nanotechnology. Mwina iwo adzalola dzuwa kuti kukhala gwero wotchuka mphamvu m'zaka za zana lino. The kampani akatswiri Scates AS ku Norway kale ananena kuti nanotechnology kuchepetsa ndalama mapanelo dzuwa nthawi 2.

dzuwa mphamvu nyumba

Pa nyumba, umene yokha adzaonetsetsa kuti maloto a anthu kuti: palibe kudalira pa Kutentha chapakati, amavutika kulipira ndiponso kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe. Kale, m'mayiko ambiri amachita zinthu zosonyeza kumanga nyumba kudya okha mphamvu anachokera ku magwero zina. A chitsanzo chapadera - otchedwa dzuwa nyumba.

Pamene ankamanga izo zidzayenera ndalama kuposa miyambo. Koma patapita zaka zingapo ntchito, ndalama zonse ilipiridwa kumbuyo - kulipira kwa Kutentha, madzi otentha ndi magetsi. Mu nyumba dzuwa lonse la mauthenga awa ali womangidwa kwa mapanelo yeniyeni photovoltaic anaikidwa pa denga. Ndipo Choncho analandira chuma mphamvu osati ntchito pa zofuna panopa, komanso kuti azipeze ntchito usiku ndi nyengo mitambo.

Panopa yomanga nyumba zimenezi wochititsidwa osati m'mayiko pafupi equator, kumene dzuwa kubala njira yophweka. Iwo anamangidwa mu Canada, Finland ndi Sweden.

Ubwino ndi kuipa

Development matekinoloje kuimika mphamvu dzuwa kulikonse, zikhoza kukhala mbali. Koma pali zifukwa zina akadali si chinthu chofunika kwambiri. Monga tanena kale pamwambapa, mu kupanga mapanelo opangidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zoipa. Komanso, zida yomalizidwa lili mu kapangidwe kake wa gallium, Arsenic, cadmium ndi patsogolo.

Zimautsa mafunso ambiri ndi kufunika yobwezeretsanso mapanelo photovoltaic. Kwa zaka 50 ntchito iwo adzakhala osayenera utumiki, ndipo ali kuti mwanjira kupha. Kodi amavutitsa kwambiri zachilengedwe? Tiyeneranso adzanyamula kukumbukira kuti dzuwa mphamvu - ndi anasintha gwero dzuwa la yopanga potsata nthawi ya tsiku ndi nyengo. Izi ndi drawback kwambiri.

Koma ubwino, kumene. dzuwa mphamvu ingakhale yopangidwa pafupifupi mfundo iliyonse pa dziko lapansi, ndi zipangizo kukonzekera ndi kusintha angakhale ochepa kuti adzayenerera kumbuyo kwa yamakono ya. Kodi chofunika kwambiri ndi amtengo zongowonjezwdwa kuti, kuchuluka kwa dzuwa mphamvu adzatsala zikutsatiridwa kwa zaka zosachepera chikwi.

ziyembekezo

Chitukuko cha umisiri dzuwa mphamvu zotsatira ndalama m'munsi kulenga zinthu. Kale, pali mapanelo galasi kuti akhoza kuikidwa pa mawindo. Kukula kwa nanotechnology walola kuyambitsa utoto umene sprayed pa mapanelo dzuwa m'malo mwa pakachitsulo wosanjikiza. Ngati mtengo wa dzuwa mphamvu Kodi kugwa kangapo, kutchuka kwake nawonso kukula kambirimbiri.

Kupanga mapanelo kakang'ono ntchito munthu adzalola anthu mu zochitika zonse kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa - panyumba, galimoto kapena ngakhale mu dziko. Ndiyamika yogawa awo kuchepetsa katundu mphamvu chapakati, chifukwa anthu adzakhala ndi mlandu zamagetsi yaing'ono.

Akatswiri chipolopolo amakhulupirira kuti ndi 2040 pafupifupi theka la mphamvu adzikoli kupangidwa kwa chuma zongowonjezwdwa. Kale mu Germany, kumwa dzuwa mphamvu ikukula mofulumira, ndi luso batire ndi zoposa 35 gigawatts. Japan amadziwikanso mwachangu osauka ntchito imeneyi. mayiko awiriwa - atsogoleri a dzuwa mphamvu mu dziko. Mwinamwake, posachedwapa kuti chilumikizidwe ndi United States.

Ina magwero mphamvu

Asayansi sitileka amazunguza chifukwa chakuti iwe ukhoza kukhala kuti apange magetsi kapena kutentha. Perekani zitsanzo za kwambiri zingamuthandize magwero mphamvu zina.

Mphepo turbines tsopano angapezeke pafupifupi m'dziko lililonse. Ngakhale m'misewu ya m'mizinda yambiri Russian kukhazikitsa magetsi amene kudzidalira mu magetsi ku mphamvu mphepo. Ndithudi mtengo wa apamwamba awo kuposa pafupifupi, koma m'kupita kwa nthawi adzakhala ndalama kusiyana.

A kalekale izo anatulukira luso kutulutsa mphamvu ntchito madzi kutentha kusiyana pakati pamwamba pa nyanja ndi pa mozama. China amagwira kupita dera lino. M'zaka zikubwerazi, pa gombe la China akupita kuti amange nyumba yaikulu magetsi kuthamanga pa njira imeneyi. Pali ntchito zina za m'nyanja. Mwachitsanzo, mu Australia, mukukonzekera kukhazikitsa magetsi kuti amapanga mphamvu ku mphamvu ya mafunde madzi.

Pali njira zina zambiri kubala magetsi kapena kutentha. Koma ndi maziko a ena ambiri options mphamvu ya dzuwa - ziri kulonjezedwa m'dera la sayansi.