Betelgeuse: kuphulika supernova

Ngakhale avareji zaka zana mu Way pali supernova mmodzi yekha mu m'chilengedwe, pali biliyoni 100 nyenyezi. Biliyoni zaka 10 linakhalapo (kukhala enieni, biliyoni 13.7, koma nyenyezi inakhazikitsidwa mu zaka zoyambirira mazana angapo miliyoni), malinga ndi Dr. Richard Mushotski Space Flight Center wa NASA Goddard, mu m'chilengedwe pali biliyoni supernovae pa chaka, kapena 30 pa mphindi! Kodi kuphulika kwa supernova wa Betelgeuse, chimphona wofiira Milky Way, kukhala yotsatira?

Zikakuchitikirani zimenezo ...

Kuphulika kwa nyenyezi lotchedwa Betelgeuse, mmodzi wa yowala kudzulu, kupanga izo wofanana mwezi, ndi iwo adzakhala kotero chaka chonse. Chachikulu, kuonekera yozizira mlengalenga yaikulu ya dziko monga mfundo yowala utoto, zikhoza kukhala supernova nthawi iliyonse mu zaka 100,000.

zakuthambo ambiri amakhulupirira kuti lero chimodzi mwa zifukwa Nkosatheka chifukwa ife sanathe kupeza moyo zanzeru kumwamba ndi dziko lapansi, ndi zotsatira wakupha mabomba m'dera supernova kuti awononge moyo zonse mu dera opatsidwa mlalang'ambawu.

"Dzanja la al-Jawzi"

Red chimphona Betelgeuse, kamodzi yaikulu kwambiri moti akafuna kanjira wa Jupiter, ngati ozungulira dzuŵa lathu, chiwerengero ndi theka, ngakhale lowala monga nthawi pa zaka khumi zapitazi.

Betelgeuse, dzina amachokera Arabic, chikuoneka bwinobwino mu kuwundana Orion. Star wapereka dzina la khalidwe la Michael Keaton mu Beetlejuice kanema ndipo anali mbadwa ya dongosolo Pulezidenti Zaphod Beeblebrox pa nkhani Kunena, "Guide The Hitchhiker kwa Way."

zimphona Red amakhulupirira kuti yochepa, zovuta ndi mafunde moyo. Kukhala zaka zambiri mamilioni angapo, iwo mwamsanga kuwotcha mafuta hydrogen ndi ndiye kusinthana kwa helium, mpweya ndi zinthu zina, nthawi zina pangano ndi ankatenthetsa kachiwiri.

Betelgeuse: kuphulika supernova

nyenyezi amakhulupirira kuti kubwera kwa mapeto a linakhalapo ndipo akhoza kuona mmodzi wa n'kugwa, amene anatsagana ndi panafunika wina mafuta maphatikizidwe.

Chifukwa sikudziwika psinjika Betelgeuse. Tangoganizirani zimene tikudziwa za nyenyezi ndi akutali m'chilengedwe, pali zambiri zimene ife kuziphunzira za nyenyezi. Unknown kuphatikizapo zomwe zimachitika pamene zimphona zofiira kumapeto linakhalapo.

Ngati Betelgeuse kuphulika kunachitika ndipo inasanduka supernova, izo adzalola zakuthambo kusunga Lapansi ndi sayansi ake omwe amalamulira ndondomeko imeneyi. vuto ndi kuti palibe yemwe akudziwa kuti zidzachitika. Ngakhale kuti panali mphekesera zoti mu 2012 Betelgeuse kuphulika zimachitika pamene nyenyezi chimaphulika, kwenikweni sindikudziwa. Kuti sizinachitike, chifukwa Mwina ngati chochitika ndi otsika. Betelgeuse akhoza amaphulika mawa usiku kapena kutambasula zaka 100,000.

kutali kwambiri

Kuti kuwononga mpaka kalekale Padziko Lapansi, ndi supernova ayenera kutuluka utali wozungulira zosakwana 100 kuwala zaka. Iyo imakwaniritsa chikhalidwe ichi ngati Betelgeuse? Kuphulika sanali avulaze kwa dziko lathuli, chifukwa nyenyezi ayenera kwambiri pafupi kuposa panopa. Mtunda ku "manja a al-Jawzi" ndi pafupifupi 600 kuwala zaka.

Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa nyenyezi wotchuka kwambiri yowala. Ndi nthawi khumi kukula kwa Sun, ndipo zaka zake ndi zaka miliyoni okha 10. The unyinji wochuluka nyenyezi, wamfupi moyo wake. Ndicho chifukwa zakuthambo anaona Betelgeuse. Red chimphona kuphulika zidzachitika mu nthawi yochepa.

Supersverhnovaya SN2007bi

Chakumapeto 2009 asayansi umboni kuphulika lalikulu kulembedwa. Supergiant nyenyezi, ndilo kukula kwa nthawi mazana awiri wamkulu kuposa Sun, kufuzika ndi apitirize nyukiliya anachita, chifukwa cha ulimi wa antimatter, chifukwa cha zimene pamapeto, anali Popanga madzi a gamma cheza. Ichi ndi chitsanzo cha zimene zingachitike pa kugwa Betelgeize. Kuphulika kuonekera kwa miyezi ingapo, chifukwa anabweretsa mtambo zinthu nyukiliya upambana nthawi 50 kukula kwa dzuwa ndi limatulutsa ndi chowala wa fission nyukiliya, omwe Tingaone nyenyezi lakutali.

Supersverhnovaya SN2007bi ndi chitsanzo cha kuwonongedwa kwa "awiri-Kusakhazikika". chikuoneka ofanana ndi kuphulika kwa bomba la atomiki, amayamba ndi psinjika a nyukiliyazo basi. Pamene kukula anayi megayottagrammov (izi makumi awiri ziro) chimphona nyenyezi ikuchitikira ndi kugwa yokoka ya kuthamanga kwa Popanga madzi a gamma cheza. The otentha pachimake, ndi apamwamba a mphamvu ya Popanga madzi a gamma-ray, koma ngati ali ndi mphamvu kwambiri, kuti angathe kudutsa maatomu, kupanga mphamvu woyera awiriawiri zinthu zosiyanasiyana za positron pa nkhaniyi ndi antimatter. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pakati onse a nyenyezi kumachita ngati chimphona tinthu accelerator.

Zisudzo bomba kukula 11 Dzuwa

Antimatter akuwononga ndi zosiyana wake, kuyambira amamuchititsa, koma vuto ndi liwiro kuphulika, kumene ngakhale kwambiri mkulu kupanga akuchedwa zovuta chilengedwe cha Popanga madzi a gamma-kuthamanga, atagwira nyenyezi kuchokera kugwa. zigawo lakunja sag, compressing pachimake ndi kulera kutentha kwake. Izi kumachititsa wa Popanga madzi a gamma kunyezimira kwambiri amphamvu, kulenga antimatter, ndipo mwadzidzidzi nyenyezi lonse amakhala amavutitsa nyukiliya riyakitala, ndi lalikulu kuposa malingaliro athu. Onse pakati nyukiliya detonates yomweyo, monga bomba nyukiliya, unyinji wa amene alumphe osati kukula kwa dzuwa - ndi lalikulu kuposa unyinji wa Dzuwa 11.

Kuyaka moto onse. No dzenje wakuda kapena nyutironi nyenyezi, kanthu amakhalabe koma mtambo kuwonjezera chuma nyukiliya ndiponso watsopano malo opanda kanthu kumene kunali chinthu ambiri chachikulu, amene zimatheka popanda Pofuna kuswa danga. Kuphulika amayambitsa zotsatira mwaunyinji yokonza zinthu mu zinthu zatsopano za nyukiliya.

Star wakupha

Ena osowa nyenyezi - wakupha lenileni la mtundu wa 11 - ndi hypernovae, magwero a kuimfa Popanga madzi a gamma-ray mkangano (GRB). Poyerekeza ndi Betelgeuse kuphulika kwa oterowo chinthu adzamasula nthawi 1000 mphamvu. Konkire umboni GRB-chitsanzo anaonekera mu 2003.

Zikuoneka chifukwa mbali kuti "mnansi" padzuwa, malo amene anatsimikiza ndi zakuthambo kudzera maukonde Positioning GRB (GCN). March 29, 2003 inayamba anabwera pafupi mokwanila anaona zinthu izi zinali kwambiri kuthetsa chinsinsi cha bursts Popanga madzi a gamma-ray. The sipekitiramu kuwala kwa kuwala kotsalira m'mbuyo anali pafupifupi ofanana SN1998bw. Komanso, ananena makina X-ray asonyeza yemweyo khalidwe Mbali - pamaso pa "anadabwa" ndi "woopsa" mpweya, amenenso pano mu supernova lapansi. Choncho asayansi anali kudziwa kuti "kuwala kotsalira m'mbuyo" GRB pafupiko ili "yekha" biliyoni kuwala zaka Earth, amatikumbutsa supernova a.

Sizikudziwika ngati wina hypernova kugwirizana ndi GRB. Komabe, malinga zakuthambo pafupifupi kuti munthu mmodzi yekha pa 100,000 supernovae umabala hypernova. Ndi za wina Popanga madzi a gamma-ray mkangano patsiku, umene anaona kwenikweni.

Kuti pafupifupi ndithu kwambiri n'chakuti pachimake pa amene amachita nawo mapangidwe hypernova, ali misa zokwanira kupanga dzenje wakuda osati nyutironi nyenyezi. Motero, aliyense anati GRB ndi "kulira" wa wakuda dzenje akhanda.

The nyenyezi yaing'ono yoyera mu dongosolo T COMPASS

Asayansi amavomereza kuti kuzipenya latsopano la T COMPASS COMPASS kuwundana ntchito Mayiko ultraviolet Explorer Kanema amasonyeza kuti nyenyezi yaing'ono yoyera m'gulu la bayinare ndi kuchotsedwa pa zaka 3260 kuwala kwa lapansi ndi oyandikira amati yapita 6,000 kuwala zaka.

A nyenyezi yaing'ono yoyera chosatha latsopano. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mabomba nyukiliya wa nyenyezi zimachitika pakatha zaka 20. The zochitika zaposachedwapa kudziwika anali mu 1967, 1944, 1920, 1902 ndi 1890 ankalemekeza. Izi mabomba watsopano, si supernova siziononga, ndipo ziribe mphamvu pa Dziko Lapansi. Akatswiri a sayansi ya sindikudziwa chifukwa imeneyi pakati pa kubuka chawonjezeka.

Asayansi amakhulupirira mabomba ndizo zotsatira za kuwonjezeka latsopano kulemera pamene nyenyezi yaing'ono nyenyezi amasankha mpweya wa hydrogen kulemera kwa inzake. Akafike wina kulemera malire watsopano kung'anima. Unknown, kuchuluka kapena kuchepa thupi pa ikukoka mkombero ndi kuphulika, koma ngati akafika otchedwa Chandrasekhar malire, izo zoposa supernova mtundu 1a. Mu nkhani iyi, nyenyezi yaing'ono adzakhala kuotcha ndi amphamvu kung'anima, amene chingandithandize kwe wathunthu. Mtundu wa supernova akumasula mphamvu nthawi 10 miliyoni kuposa ina.

Mphamvu ya dzuwa chikwi

The kuzipenya wa nyenyezi yaing'ono woyera pa kubuka latsopano amati misa ukuwonjezeka, ndi deta ya makinawa "Hubble" chuma kuchotsedwa pa mabomba yapita, kutsimikizira mfundo imeneyi. Chitsanzo amanena kuti unyinji wa nyenyezi yaing'ono woyera imakhala Chandrasekhar Mukafuna mozungulira zaka mamiliyoni 10 kapena zochepa.

Malinga ndi asayansi, supernova zidzayambitsa cheza Popanga madzi a gamma, mphamvu zomwe Matanthawuzo 1,000 munthawi yomweyo ndimakwiya dzuwa. Ndi zoopsa kwambiri kuposa kuphulika kwa Betelgeuse. Pankhani Popanga madzi a gamma kunyezimira kwa dziko lapansi likuoneka yopanga oxides asafe, amene angathe kuwononga ndipo mwina kuononga ozoni. supernova ndi lowala monga nyenyezi zina zonse mu Milky Way pamodzi. Mmodzi a sayansi ya zakuthambo, Dr Edward Ziyoni ku University Villanova ananena kuti akhoza amaphulika posachedwapa nthawi lonse ntchito ndi zakuthambo ndi sayansi ya nthaka, koma kwa munthu ali m'tsogolo.

n'zosiyana

Akatswiri a sayansi ya amakhulupirira kuti supernovae pa mtunda wa osachepera 100 kuwala zaka Earth zikhoza kukhala zoopsa, koma zotsatira kukhala bwinobwino kudzadalira mphamvu kuphulika adzakhala. Gulu la ofufuza amanena kuti mliri ayenera ubwenzi ndi wamphamvu kuposa kuphulika kwa Betelgeuse. Pankhani kuti, Sizikudziwika, koma dziko lapansi lidzakhala kwambiri kuonongeka. Komabe, akatswiri ena monga Alex Filippenko ya University of California ku Berkeley, katswiri supernovae, nyenyezi yogwira, mabowo wakuda, bursts Popanga madzi a gamma-ray, ndi thambo, sakugwirizana kuwerengetsera ndipo ndikukhulupirira kuti mliri, ngati izo zichitika, ndi chodziwikiratu dziko wakwiya .