The photoelectric zotsatira - zakuthambo chodabwitsa ndi

Mu 1887, German wasayansi hedzi anapeza zotsatira za kuunika pa kumaliseche kwa magetsi. Kuphunzira mphamvu kumaliseche hedzi anapeza kuti ngati choimira elekitirodi kuunikira ndi kunyezimira ultraviolet, kumaliseche kumachitika pa voteji m'munsi pa maelekitirodi lapansi.

Enanso anapeza kuti atadziŵa kuwala ya Arc magetsi zoipa mlandu zitsulo mbale olumikizidwa kwa electroscope muvi electroscope kugwa. Izi zinasonyeza kuti kuunikiridwa Arc zolengeza wotaya mlandu zake zoipa. Mlandu zabwino za mbale zitsulo ndi kuwala sasiya.

Kuchepa kwa matupi zitsulo akuunika cheza cha kuwala kwa oipa mlandu magetsi amatchedwa zotsatira photoelectric kapena zotsatira photoelectric.

Zakuthambo izi chodabwitsa wakhala anaphunzira kuyambira 1888 ndi otchuka Russian wasayansi A. G. Stoletovym.

Kuphunzira kwa zaka photoelectric zotsatira anapangidwa mwa unsembe ongokhala zimbale tiwiri. The nthaka mbale kolimba ndi mauna woonda anapereka vertically wina ndi mzake, kupanga capacitor. mbale wake chikugwirizana ndi mitengo yonyamulira ya gwero panopa, kenako kuunikiridwa ndi kuwala ya Arc magetsi.

Kuwala momasuka mwa mauna padziko ndi chimbale olimba nthaka.

STOLETOV anapeza kuti ngati nthaka mbale wa capacitor zogwiritsidwa kuti mzati zoipa gwero voteji (a cathode), ndi galvanometer olumikizidwa kwa dera kusonyeza panopa. Ngati cathode ndi mauna, ndiye palibe panopa. Choncho, kuunikiridwa nthaka mbale limatulutsa particles zoipa mlandu, amene ali ndi udindo kuli panopa pakati pa iye ndi ukonde.

Stoletov, kuphunzira mmene photoelectric, zakuthambo amene sanabadwe anatsegula, iye anatenga zatsopano wake mawilo a zitsulo zosiyana: zotayidwa, mkuwa, nthaka, siliva, faifi tambala. Kuika iwo mzati zoipa gwero voteji, kuoneka bwanji pansi zochita za Arc mu dera la katswiri chomera izo ndi magetsi. panopa akutchedwa photocurrent.

Ndi kuwonjezeka voteji pakati pa capacitor mbale photocurrent ndi kuchuluka, kufika voteji ena kuti mtengo wake pazipita wotchedwa machulukitsidwe photocurrent.

Kufufuza zotsatira photoelectric, zakuthambo amene zogwirizana ndi kudalira mwa machulukitsidwe wa mtengo photocurrent wa wowala kamwazi zinachitika pa bwalolo cathode STOLETOV anakhazikitsa malamulo otsatirawa: phindu machulukitsidwe wa photocurrent, adzakhala mwachindunji njila kwa chochitika kuwala kamwazi zolengeza.

Lamulo limeneli limatchedwa Stoletov.

Kenako anapezeka kuti photocurrent - otaya ma elekitironi wang'ambidwa zitsulo kuwala.

Chiphunzitso cha mphamvu photoelectric wapeza lonse tiligwiritse ntchito. Choncho zinalengedwa chipangizo, zomwe ndi zochokera zodabwitsazi. Iwo amatchedwa maselo dzuwa.

The photosensitive wosanjikiza - cathode - kuphimba pafupifupi lonse lamkati pamwamba pa babu galasi kupatula yaing'ono zenera kwenikweni mwayi wa kuwala. The anode ndi waya mphete, analimbitsa mkati beseni. The chidebe - wosatsogoleredwa.

Ngati ife kugwirizana mphete ku mtengo zabwino batire ndi wosanjikiza photosensitive zitsulo kudzera galvanometer ndi ndodo zake zoipa, ndiye pamene kuphimba wosanjikiza suitably kuwala gwero panopa limapezeka dera la.

Mukhoza kuzimitsa batire konse, koma kenako tidzaona panopa, chabe ofooka, kuyambira gawo chabe ting'onoting'ono kuwala ejected ma elekitironi adzagwa pa waya mphete - ndi anode. Kuti tizikonda zotsatira zofunika voteji mu dongosolo la 80-100.

zotsatira Photoelectric, zakuthambo amene ntchito zinthu ngati zingaoneke ntchito zitsulo aliyense. Komabe, ambiri a iwo, monga yamkuwa, yachitsulo, pulatinamu, tungsten, tcheru okha kunyezimira ultraviolet. Mere zitsulo zamchere - potaziyamu, sodium ndi cesium, makamaka - ndi tcheru cheza kuwoneka. Iwo amagwiritsa ntchito popanga maselo dzuwa cathodes.