Ancient Egypt dongosolo chikhalidwe ndi maonekedwe ake

Ancient Egypt - chitukuko ya East. Ndipo chofunika kwambiri apa si mbali enieni ndi culturological ndi chitukuko. Apa, otsogolera mu chitukuko cha anthu ankaimba palibe chuma payekha, ndi tsar ndi kasamalidwe kachisi. Choncho, chikhalidwe Kapangidwe ka anthu ku Egypt, dziko, malo ndi limodzi mwa mayiko woyamba kukhala ofooka kwambiri. Ndipo kusiyana kumeneku si khalidwe chabe la chitukuko ichi, komanso ena a Kum'mawa. Kodi maonekedwe a zinthu zokhudza Iguputo wakale? Tiyeni tione m'nkhani ino.

Ancient Egypt: ndizosowa

Tisanayambe kulankhula za moyo wapoyera, ine ndikufuna kuti yochepa ulendowu ku gawo la mbiri. Choncho, mu chitukuko cha Igupto wopyoza nthawi zingapo, maufumu: Kumayambiriro (.... Chiyambi cha III Zakachikwi BC), Ancient (kuti XXVIII wa XXIV m'ma BC ..), Yapakatikati (ku mapeto a III Zakachikwi wa XVII. m'ma BC. e.), New (s XVI-XII la XI-VIII m'ma BC. e.) ndipo kenako (kuchokera VII ndi IV-I m'ma BC. e.).

nthawi zonsezi yodziwika ndi chitukuko pang'onopang'ono kwambiri ya boma. Tikumbukenso kuti mu mbiri yake, chitukuko cha Aigupto wakale lagawidwa (maufumu chapamwamba ndipo m'munsi) magawo awiri, ndiye kuphatikiza mu boma munthu wamphamvu, ndipo zonsezi mwa chotetana. Komanso, anali nkhondo zonse kugonjetsa. Against maziko a zochitika izi zokha analimbitsa mphamvu ya Farao, ndi kusiyana kalasi kwachititsa dongosolo kapolo.

Chiwerengero cha dziko - African-Hamitic Libyans, Nubians ndi Semites - mbadwa ya Africa. anthu onsewa asankha kukhala m'dera la chigwa m'munsi wa Nile - uyu anali malire a midzi anaonetsetsa kudzipatula ndi ena digiri ya chitetezo.

Olemera osati nthaka yachonde, komanso mchere m'dera mokwanira anapereka kwa anthu. Woyamba maubale uka pa nthawi imene pakufunika zonse osefukira ntchito yomanga Nile maofesi a ulimi wothirira. Society lagawidwa amene amagwira ntchito ati boma, ndi amene akuchitika.

Maphunziro ndi chitukuko cha boma

Motero, pafupifupi mu V. BC. e. State Ancient Egypt akuyamba kulibe. Amakhala polynomials angapo (monga dziko lotchedwa kuthetsa wosazindikira) ndi IV lapansi. BC. e. anapanga maufumu awiri - pamwamba ndi pansi. ukwati wawo amagwirizana ndi wamagazi nkhondo internecine. Izo zonse zikuchitika pa ufumu oyambirira. Ancient monga Ufumuwo centralized kwambiri pa kuli dziko. Apanso, Egypt ndi linakwiriridwa mu Noma, ndipo aliyense wa iwo amadzinenera kuti ufulu. Kachiwiri kuyamba nkhondo pakati pa mzinda madera a dziko.

Yanjanani dziko zinali zotheka pa Ufumu Middle. Chinasanduka likulu la mzinda wa Thebes. Pomaliza - kamodzi kugwa pa nkhondo ndi mgwirizano mu ufumu wamphamvu, ponena kulamulira wakale dziko (New Kingdom). Iyi ndi nthawi ya wankhondo aukali. Pambuyo - kachiwiri ndi kuchepa kwa omwe Ancient Egypt wosayendapo - kugonjetsa Aperisi kenako Alexander Wamkulu. Itha linakhalapo osiyana: tsopano chitukuko kamodzi wamphamvu - chabe chigawo cha Ufumu wa Roma.

andale

Kodi mu dongosolo boma Ancient Egypt anali? Kapangidwe Social zonse akuyamba ku chipangizo ndondomeko. Izo ziyenera kuti pa nthawi, ndi centralization ndi kugawikana kugawanika kumeneko kwakhala dziko m'zigawo ziwiri - North ndi South. Analamulira kumeneko abwanamkubwa Farao. Iye mwini anakonza mutu wa ulamuliro wake utsogoleri linati :. "Ambuye wa maiko awiri"

boma wakhala mosamalitsa centralized, nthawi ya nthawi dissociation anali negligible. Pamaziko a ulamuliro chopanda malire a Farao, bureaucracy chachikulu ndi centralized. Farao lalikulu udindo m'boma anatumizidwa ku nyumba yachifumu, kumene mkulu anali vizier. Iye ndi kumvera Farao, atsogoleri a mabungwe, ndi ndodo akuluakulu a boma yaikuluikulu.

Pansi, anathamanga nomarhi. Ali ndi mphamvu chopanda malire, koma phunziro lake. Mu nomarhov anali subordinated tidakocheza bureaucracy. Pa mlingo wotsikitsitsa mu dongosolo anali mabungwe limodzi ndi zinyama selectable mutu. Iwo anali ndi udindo Kuthi milandu ndi utsogoleri, komanso ntchito zachuma.

Kukula kwa maubale

Taonani, monga kusanduka zinthu zokhudza Egypt mu mbiri yake. Poyamba, mtundu wamng'ono anali kumwazikana mzinda-limati, aliyense anakhalamo ndi malamulo awo ndipo anali wolamulira yake.

State pa ufumu oyambirira anali ngati mgwirizano mafuko. Chiwerengero cha dziko linali wamba free, ogwirizana mudzi. Iye ndi mphamvu kuonetsetsa dziko kulima. Mbali anapeza kuchokera pa zinthu za ulimi kwa boma anali kulipira zofunika.

Mu Ufumu Old pali vuto pakati pa anthu a, nagawira mu akapolo ndi akapolo. Kapangidwe ka anthu a ku Iguputo amakhala inhomogeneous: onse kudziwa asapita chikhalidwe ndi chuma. Chapatsogolo Farao ansembe. Ndi ndi udindo wawo ndi mbiri ya anthu a Farao zokhudzana vesting mphamvu zopanda malire, anasonyeza kuti mulungu.

nyengo Middle Ufumu amakhala ndi osati kukula zikuluzikulu za dongosolo kapolo (akapolo tsopano ntchito pa munda). zinthu zokhudza Egypt nthawi imeneyi amakhala ndi chakuti anthu chikupitiriza stratified. Choncho, pali nedzhesy, smallholders. Iwo, komanso alembi, alimi ndi amalonda amene moyo wochuluka, koma wamba ndi zigawo zina m'munsi nkomwe ndalama zogulira chakudya.

Nkhondo yogonjetsa adani mu Ufumu Zatsopano makamaka bwanji kuwonjezeka gulu la kapolo. m'mayiko onse definitively anatumizidwa ku boma ndipo mipingo. Choncho, landlords ali anazimiririka monga gulu. Ndi kugwira ntchito mu dziko ansembe sikuloledwa palibe wina kuti adzalipereka kwa anthu osamvera Mulungu m'kalasi lomwelo. Tsopano ansembe - chatsekedwa kalasi imene mukhoza kupeza okha mfundo ina.

General makhalidwe a anthu a ku Iguputo

Choncho, kupanga mapeto kuyambirira kuti zinthu zokhudza ndi Egypt. Social matabwa ake ali mbali zotsatirazi:

• Ine ndinaima pa mutu wa Farao, amene ankaopedwa kwa mulungu.
• mawonekedwe a boma - ndi despotism, ndipo amakhala ndi kumanga utumiki Egypt mfumu ya ku mwambo wachipembedzo.
• A udindo wapadera anapatsidwa kwa ansembe.
• Maziko a anthu - m'midzi kuti kudalira mphamvu pansi.
• A bwino m'kalasi magawano.
• Zinthu zokhudza Egypt kuti masanjidwe ku apamwamba ku zigawo kuchepetsa chiri motere: Farao - ansembe ndi khoti akuluakulu - asilikali - wamba ndi amisiri - akapolo. Yotsirizira onse analandira moyo pagulu kwathunthu, chifukwa iwo sanali kuonedwa kuti anthu okhalapo, ndipo amatchedwa "anthu." Kambiranani za izi mtsogolo.
• The bureaucracy anali lambiri, koma pang'ono agawanika pa ntchito. munthu akanatha oyendetsera ndi opareshoni, ndi chuma, ndipo ngakhale amachita ena miyambo ya chipembedzo.

mphamvu Farao

Tsopano tiyeni tikambirane padera za gulu lililonse chikhalidwe. Ancient Egypt, zinthu zokhudza zachokera despotism, analamulira Farao. gulu lake la mpatuko pabwino ngati ofanana kwa milungu. Choncho, unsembe wakhala anayamba wapadera kulambira mwambo wa mulungu-mfumu. Ndipo maina a Farao zimanyezimiritsa linauziridwa ndi Mulungu. Mwachitsanzo, Amenhotep - "Amon chete" Thutmose - "Thoth wobadwa kuchokera mwa Mulungu." The Iguputo ankakhulupirira kuti mbewu, umoyo, pakalibe nkhondo zimadalira farao mulungu.

mfumu yemwe anali mwini yaikulu m'dziko la Egypt, ndaninso kapena adzatulukemo. M'manja mwake, mphamvu milandu, anaika akuluakulu wapamwamba anali anaikira.

Mphamvu anatengera ukulu, chifukwa cha Farao, koma mkazi woyamba zambiri kum'fotokozera magazi (nthawi zambiri zinachitika mabanja ngakhale ndi alongo achibale) anali akazi ndi adzakazi. Pali onse anali pa maziko ofanana. Koma nanga bwanji Nthawi ya Mavuto pamene mzera wina m'malo wina? Apa, ansembe anapeza "kulungamitsidwa". Malinga ndi zikhulupiriro za Aigupto, ubale m'banja la Mulungu sikokwanira, tiri kwa mulungu kuloŵa mfumu. Ndi kusintha kwa mabanja olamulira. Komanso, "pakhomo la Mulungu" zathu- osati mwana komanso mlongo, mkazi ndi ena.

ansembe

Features wa zinthu zokhudza Egypt wotere Farao, ndi mphamvu zake zonse lachabechabe, sangathe kudzilamulira okha. Iye ankadalira makamaka ansembe, komanso akuluakulu, olemekezeka.

The choyamba - ndi malamulo a khalidwe ndi moyo zolinga. Pakuti ansembe a ntchito ya anthu kulankhulana ndi milungu, kuwamvera, ngakhale Farao. Pezani San wansembe osiyanasiyana: muyenera akhala nthawi yaitali kuphunzira. Ndi zaka zinayi kudziwa anasonkhanitsa anayamba kuwapereka kwa mibadwo ya m'tsogolo.

Institute of utumiki wa milungu kwambiri akuti: Anetini ndi kugwira ntchito mu ntchito ya udokotala, osunga zinsinsi ndi mipukutu, amasomphenya - omasulira mitundu yonse ya zizindikiro ndi ngakhale zakuthambo.

Mwachidule, ansembe anachita mbali zofunika kwambiri pa moyo wa anthu a ku Iguputo. nzeru zawo za miyambo ndi cholinga cha milungu, mankhwala ndi ngakhale ulimi ndi ulimi nyama, adutsa pansi ku mibadwomibadwo, yopatulika, zobisika kwa munthu wamba mwa msewu. Kufikira tsopano, Egyptologists, asayansi kupitiriza kupeza zimene anali kuyang'anira atsogoleri.

achifumu

zinthu zokhudza chitukuko cha Igupto wakale, nsonga zake si ansembe. Farao komanso anadalira bwalo nduna zake. Iwo anali anthu apamwamba, anthu amene ankalamulira muzochitika zones za moyo national. Chief mwa iwo anali vizier, kapena jati. munthu uyu anali dzanja lamanja la Farao. Monga ulamuliro, iye anasankhidwa kuchokera mafumu kulamulira. Panali milandu pamene vizier zinachitika membala wa apamwamba, osati zokhudzana Farao - izo zinachitika mu nthawi zofooketsa umphumphu wa dziko, otchedwa kusamba.

Choncho, kodi ntchito anatitumiza jati chiyani? onse Ancient Egypt anali kwenikweni mu manja ake. Kapangidwe Social inamangidwa mwanjira yakuti olemekezeka onse, atsogoleri a nthambi zosiyanasiyana, njirayi ndi mlandu. Komanso, Vizier ndi ankapita:

• m'madipatimenti Financial.
• ntchito Public (mwachitsanzo, ulimi wothirira).
• Iye analamulira moyo wa likulu ndi ankayang'anira izo.
• Iye anali ndi udindo asilikali.
• Anayamba kuyenda milandu.

The ena apamwamba sanamvere Farao ndi jati. Iwo anali anthu olemera anamanga okha manda ndipo akukhala m'nyumba mwanaalirenji.

akuluakulu a boma

Munthu tcheru alembi. Iwo anali a kwa anthu apamwamba wapamwamba ndi kum'lemekeza konsekonse. Makamaka anthu osaphunzira lokhalamo Egypt. Kapangidwe Social Choncho n'zotheka kudziwa alembi kupatukana kagawo kakang'ono.

antchito awa sali okha omwe Farao malangizo ake, komanso amadziwa kuwerengera mlingo wa madzi mu Nile, kuti aone zotsatira likhoza chigumula, nkhokwe wodziwika mu malo a. Iwo anali zofunika pa ulimi ndi ng'ombe kuswana. Ndipotu yekha kulemba munthu athe kuwunika pambuyo osefukira wa Nile, kodi yokolola, ndipo awerenge chiwerengero cha nyama kapena vinyo kuphika. Alembi anali udindo kutolera misonkho.

Iwo anamufunsa kuti amuthandize kulenga kalata (kuphatikizapo deta), kulemba pemphero mwambo.

ndi bureaucracy ngati zinthu zokhudza Egypt chiyani? Mwachidule tinganene izi: onsewo anagawanika malinga ndi udindo. Nome lililonse kuyang'anira munthu wina, womwe anagonjera zina udindo malo enieni chuma.

asilikali

A mgwirizano wamphamvu wa Farao, otchuka ndi ansembe kuti mulimbitse yekha lankhondo. Kotero pali ankhondo.

Ikani wankhondo anthu a ku Iguputo anali wolemekezeka kwambiri: iwo anali ndi nyumba zawo, chuma, dziko. Chinthu chokha chimene iwo kuwataya, - ndiwo moyo wanga. Ndipotu, ndi zochita za Farao, mothandizidwa ndi ansembe, nthawi iliyonse mumalozana nkhondo. Dziwani kuti nkhondo ndi asilikali a Koresi analowa kusakasaka. Ndipotu anthu kupeza chuma chawo chifukwa cha nkhondo yogonjetsa.

asilikali ntchito njira nkhondo mkati internecine.

Pa nsonga ya chitukuko ku Egypt, asilikali anawerenga anthu 100 sauzande, anali wamphamvu kwambiri mu dziko.

Alimi ndi amisiri

The stratum waukulu chikhalidwe cha Igupto wakale - wamba. Iwo kudyetsedwa kalasi tafotokozazi, ndipo apatseni moyo womasuka. Okha monga alimi akhoza sichidziwa kudzitamanda aliko pabwino. M'malo mwake: dziko iwo analima minda sanali katundu wawo, motero, ambiri a mbewu ndi ziweto alimi kuti ndinakwera. The osauka, nthawi zambiri ntchito mu ntchito pagulu.

Ndendende moyo womwewo umene unali mwa osema ku Iguputo. Zokambirana pomwe anapangapo mankhwala, si za. A wochereza alendo olemekezeka monga rents kukatenga pafupifupi mankhwala onse kenako resold pa mitengo mpweya ntchito amalonda bwino ndi amalonda.

akapolo

Koma malo ambiri unenviable anali, kumene, akapolo. Egypt - osati ya boma wakale wa dziko ndi dongosolo la kapolo. Pachikhalidwe nthawi zinthu zokhudza.

Akapolo ankaziona kuti ngati anthu, iwo anali "anthu", kugulitsa, kugula kuwasiya monga mpikisano wa. Tsoka la kapolo aliyense mu manja a kapolo mwini: iye akanakhoza kumupha, kulemaza. Ndi kuphwanya ufulu anali kupha kapolo wina (izi ndi chimodzimodzi "kuwononga" katundu).

Ukwati pakati pa akapolo mwalamulo anatanthauza kanthu: mwamuna ndi mkazi mosavuta kupatukana Mwachitsanzo resell kwa eni osiyana.

Kumene, zipolowe dziko ya akapolo. Kotero, "zikomo" mmodzi wa iwo wofooka ndi yimitsira cha kupanduka mosavuta athe kupeza wongosamukasamuka Arab.

Social zimayambitsa kuchepa a chitukuko

Atalipenda magulu onse a ku Iguputo, mukhoza kupanga mapeto bwino: pakati pa amenewa, panalibe umodzi, kani, m'malo mwake - udani nkhanza ndi udani. Ndipo chitsutso si mzere wa "akapolo wamba -. Kudziwa" Watanthauzo, ndi apamwamba akufuna mphamvu ndi kuyamba masewera ndale Farao. Choncho nthawi zonse zimachitika mu boma likuyendetsera ndi opondereza awo ndi oponderezedwa. Chifukwa cha zolakwa za zinthu zokhudza Egypt anali kuchepa wa chitukuko.