Chipululu ndi theka chipululu: nthaka, nyengo, zomera

Theka chipululu - lopanda madzi, malo wouma dziko kumene kugwa masentimita oposa 25 mvula pa chaka. Chinthu chofunika kwambiri mapangidwe awo ndi mphepo. Komabe, si onse zipululu pali yotentha, ena a iwo, pa mwake, ankaona madera ozizira a Dziko Lapansi. Flora ndi Zinyama m'njira zosiyanasiyana ndinazolowera mavuto m'madera amenewa.

Monga pali m'zipululu ndi theka-zipululu?

Zifukwa chifukwa chimene pali zipululu, pali zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, pa Atacama chipululu mvula pang'ono chifukwa ili pa phazi la mapiri lomwe crests awo chihemacho mvula.

Ice zipululu inakhazikitsidwa pa zifukwa zina. Mu Antarctica, kozizira ndi unyinji waukulu wa chisanu imagwera pa gombe m'madera kumtunda chisanu mitambo pafupifupi samafuna. The mpweya zambiri zosiyana kwambiri, kunagwa chipale chofewa, mwachitsanzo, mlingo wa pachaka akhoza kugwa. wofuka chisanu awa anapanga pa zaka mazana.

Hot zipululu amasiyana pa mtunda ambiri osiyanasiyana. Only ena a iwo zophimbidwa ndi mchenga. Pamwamba kwambiri tizinthu timiyala, miyala ndi mitundu ina yosiyanasiyana. Anthu am'chipululu ndi pafupifupi kwathunthu lotseguka kwa weathering. gusts amphamvu mphepo anatenga wreckage la mwala ang'ono ndi kumumenya iwo miyala.

M'zipululu mchenga wa mphepo amanyamula mchenga gawo, kupanga yoweyula ngati madipoziti, ndipo amatchedwa milu. Mtundu ambiri milu - milu. Nthawi zina, kutalika awo angafikire mamita 30. Dune Crest mwina ndi msinkhu wa mamita 100 ndipo akakhale 100 Km.

zinthu kutentha

Nyengo chipululu ndi semidesert osiyanasiyana ndithu. M'madera ena kutentha masana angafikire kwa mlingo wa 52 ° ^C. chodabwitsa Ichi ndi chifukwa chosowa mitambo mu mlengalenga, kotero kuti palibe amapulumutsa pamwamba kuchokera dzuwa. Usiku kutentha yafupika kwambiri, kachiwiri chifukwa pakalibe mitambo kuti akhoza msampha kutentha ankalankhula pamwamba.

Mu zipululu otentha a mvula - chodabwitsa osowa, koma nthawi zina apa nkhani ya mvula amphamvu. Pambuyo madzi a mvula si odzipereka mu nthaka, ndi bere mofulumira pamwamba ndi ankatenthetsa particles nthaka ndi miyala mu njira youma, zomwe zimafuna chigwa.

Malo a chipululu ndi theka-zipululu

M'maiko, imene ili mu M'madera a zitunda kumpoto ndi chipululu ndi theka chipululu subtropical ndi kotentha mabacteria. Nthawi zina palinso otentha - mu m'mayiko a Gangetic Plain, mu Arabia, mu Mexico, mu kum'mwera kumadzulo United States. Mu Europe ndi ku Asia, m'madera owonjezera otentha m'chipululu zili Caspian maganizo, pa ku Central Asia ndi South-Chikazaki chigwa ku Central Asia ndi ubweya wambiri muthu. Chapakati ku Asia chipululu formations achilendo zikuchepa chokhala ndi nyengo.

M'chipululu kum'mwera Chigawo ndi theka-zipululu sakhala wamba. Naŵa kwambiri chipululu ndi theka chipululu formations monga Namibia, Atacama chipululu mapangidwe pa gombe la Peru ndi Venezuela, Victoria, Kalahari chipululu Gibson, Simpson, ndi Gran Chaco, Patagonia, Wamkulu Sandy m'chipululu theka chipululu Karoo mu kum'mwera kumadzulo Africa.

zipululu kumalo ozizira zili pa zilumba chokhala wa glacial Europe ndi ku Asia m'madera pa zilumba za zilumba Canada, kumpoto cha Greenland.

nyama

Nyama m'zipululu ndi theka-chipululu kwa zaka zambiri aliko m'madera awa anakwanitsa atengere ku mavuto nyengo. Against kutentha ndi kuzizira, iwo kubisala kamakumba una mobisa ndi kudya mbali makamaka mobisa zomera. Mwa zinyama pali mitundu ya carnivores: nkhandweyo Fenech, amphaka nkhalango, cougars, coyotes ndipo ngakhale akambuku. Nyengo chipululu ndi semidesert anathandiza chakuti nyama zambiri mwangwiro anayamba dongosolo thermoregulatory. Anthu ena a m'chipululu chingathe kupirira imfa ya madzimadzi ndi chachitatu cha thupi lawo (mwachitsanzo, geckos, ngamila), ndi pakati invertebrates pali mitundu kuti amatha kutaya madzi ndi kulandilidwa ndi mphambu ziwili za kulemera kwake.

Mu North America ndi Asia amapezeka wambiri zokwawa, makamaka abuluzi zambiri. Amamudziwa anagawira njoka: f-mabowo, osiyanasiyana zapoizoni, boa. Wa nyama zazikulu anapeza saiga, kulan, ngamila, pronghorn, posachedwapa mbisoweka kavalo Przewalski a (mu ukapolo, izo angathe kupezeka).

Nyama za m'chipululu ndi theka chipululu Russia - ndi zosiyanasiyana kwambiri zinyama wapadera. M'madera m'chipululu anthu akalulu, sandstones, hedgehogs, mbidzi, Jamaal zapoizoni. M'zipululu, yomwe ili m'dera la Russia, ndi anapezanso mitundu 2 akangaude - Black Wamasiye ndi Tarantula.

M'zipululu kumalo ozizira anthu zimbalangondo, musk ng'ombe akumpotowa nkhandweyo, ndi ena mitundu ya mbalame.

zomera

Ngati ife kulankhula za zomera m'zipululu ndi theka-zipululu kukumana nkhadze zosiyanasiyana, zhestkolistye udzu, zitsamba, psammophytes, ephedra, mthethe, Haloxylon, sopo mtengo, tsiku kanjedza, edible ndere ndi ena.

M'zipululu ndi theka-zipululu: nthaka

nthaka zambiri underdeveloped, kapangidwe kake chimakhala chogwidwa ndi mchere madzi sungunuka. Pakati pa miyala nthaka-kupanga chimakhala chogwidwa ndi alluvial wakale ndi loess madipoziti ndi kukonzedwa ndi mphepo. Gray-bulauni nthaka chibadidwe kwa kukwezeka m'madera kumveka. M'zipululu komanso yodziwika saline, i.e. dothi okhala 1% sungunuka salt. Kuwonjezera zipululu, mchere m'madambo zimapezekanso m'chigawo ndi theka-zipululu. Pansi, amene ali salt, pamene kufika pamwamba pa nthaka waikamo mu wosanjikiza ake chapamwamba, chifukwa mu amenewa nthaka.

Kwathunthu osiyana mitundu ya nthaka khalidwe la mabacteria ichi nyengo monga zipululu subtropical ndi theka-zipululu. Nthaka m'madera awa ali omveka lalanje ndi njerwa zofiira. Lemekeza mithunzi chawo walandira dzina labwino - krasnozems ndi zheltozemy. Mu lamba subtropical mu Africa North ndi South ndi North America, pali chipululu, kumene dothi imvi anapanga. Mu ena formations otentha m'chipululu anapanga nthaka red-chikasu.

Natural dera m'zipululu ndi theka-zipululu - ndi yaikulu zosiyanasiyana malo, nyengo, nyama ndi zomera. Ngakhale ndi nkhanza nkhanza chikhalidwe cha zipululu, m'madera amenewa anakhala kunyumba kwa mitundu ya nyama ndi zomera.