Waukulu thanthwe kupanga mchere

Rock-kupanga mchere amatchedwa mchere, zomwe zili mbali ya miyala ngati ali zigawo zikuluzikulu zofunika kwambiri pa zonse pa. Iwo amasiyana katundu thupi ndi mipweya. Kuwonjezera mchere thanthwe n'kupanga, palinso zazing'ono. Zidzachitika ngati zosafunika ndi simumasewera chotero lalikulu Geological udindo.

plagioclases

Plagioclase - ambiri mchere thanthwe kupanga. Iwo osakaniza anorthite ndi albite. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya plagioclase. Ndi kuwonjezeka chiwerengero cha anorthite bwino mchere chachikulu.

Plagioclases Kusakhazikika maganizo ndi kulemekeza mankhwala weathering, chifukwa chimene iwo kukhala dongo mankhwala. Monga Mbali imeneyi iwo ofanana feldspars lapansi. Iwo akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati cladding ndi zinthu zokongoletsera. Pafupifupi thanthwe kupanga mchere plagioclase gulu akukumana mu Urals ndi Ukraine.

nepheline

Gulu la chimango aluminosilicate monga nepheline. Iye zatha silika. Chotero thanthwe kupanga mchere mbali ya miyala igneous, kuphatikizapo nephelinites ndi nepheline syenite. Mosavuta kuchepetsa pamwamba ndipo akusinthika mu kaolinite ndi mapangidwe yachiwiri ya sulphate kapena carbonate zikuchokera.

Pamodzi ndi apatite nepheline miyala akhoza kupanga magulu ambiri ali wofunika kwambiri ku makampani ano. Iwo ntchito popanga cha galasi, simenti, aluminiyamu, silika, makeke, ultramarine ndi m. P. zazikulu thanthwe kupanga mchere zimachitika pa Kola Peninsula mu dera Murmansk.

Amphibole ndi pyroxene

Amphiboles, kapena tepi silicates monga hornblende, yomwe ndi yofunika thanthwe kupanga chigawo miyala igneous ndi metamorphic. mbali kanukanu - mphamvu yapamwamba ndi mkulu kulimba. Nthawi zambiri, hornblende amapezeka Urals lapansi.

Augite - thanthwe kupanga mchere pyroxene. Iye ndi chofunika kwambiri miyala magmatic. Wokutira augite mosiyana kwambiri (kuchokera wakuda ndi wobiriwira). Izi thanthwe kupanga mchere wa gulu pyroxene ndi mbali ya basalt ndi, andesite, diabase, ndi miyala ina.

Mica

Ena mwa silicates ndi magawo, wazikang'a kapena dongosolo foliated. Ambiri mchere amenewa ndi asibesitosi, talc, kaolinite, hydromica ndi Mica (kuphatikizapo muscovite ndi biotite).

ndi zizindikiro zawo zina ziti? Muscovite Mica ndi woyera, kunachitika miyala metamorphic ndi igneous. The weathering kumakhaladi lotayirira. Muscovite ntchito monga chimateteza zakuthupi. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito zomangamanga, kumene ufa Mica imafalira pogwiritsa ntchito chuma kufalikira. Muscovite opangidwa kum'mawa Siberia, mu Urals ndi Ukraine.

Similar thanthwe kupanga mchere - biotite. Izi magnesian ndi ferruginous Mica, bulauni kapena lakuda. Ndi khalidwe la miyala metamorphic ndi igneous. Biotite ndipamene granular ndi wazikang'a kudzikundikira. Amaona mchere ndi mankhwala kusakhazikika khalidwe. Biotite amapezeka m'dera Trans-Baikal ndi Urals.

hydromicas

ena ngakhale thanthwe kupanga mchere wa miyala - ndi hydromica. Mbali awo - pang'ono cations. Komanso, wosiyana hydromica Mica zili mmene mkulu wa madzi mu dongosolo, kumene munthu amasonyeza mwa dzina lawo. Amathandiza kuti mapangidwe njira Madziwo ndi miyala ikuwombedwa.

Chofunika kwambiri hydromica - vermiculite bulauni kapena golide bulauni. Pamene usavutike, mitundu maselo a mchere izi nthunzi ya madzi, kuwonjezera wosanjikiza mu lattices pa galasi, amene kumawonjezera voliyumu ake ndi osalimba. Vermiculite zopindulitsa chifukwa phokoso-mtima ndiponso chimateteza makhalidwe ake.

phyllosilicates

Mchere, asibesitosi, talc, montmorillonite ndi kaolinite ndi gulu la phyllosilicates. Mbali chawo n'chiyani? talc mapangidwe kumachitika chifukwa cha mogwirizana ndi otentha njira aluminosilicates ndi silicates magnesium. Izo ntchito mu mawonekedwe a ufa omwe kupanga mapulasitiki.

Monga ena mchere thanthwe n'kupanga, asibesitosi amadziwika kuti kwambiri a mitundu yake. Iye ndi wochititsa osauka a magetsi ndi kutentha, osiyana soda-umboni ndi moto kugonjetsedwa. Chofunika ali asibesitosi chrysotile. Iwo anapanga ku miyala carbonate ndi olivine. Mu mawonekedwe a yaitali CHIKWANGWANI asibesitosi ntchito kupanga mbali magalimoto ndi zina nsalu fireproof.

Ambiri mchere miyala kaolinite dongo imatengedwa. Iwo aumbike mwa weathering wa Mica ndi feldspar, ndipo amakhala ndi kukhazikika mkulu. mchere izi amakhala ndi woyera, grayish kapena brownish mtundu. Kaolin wa clays ntchito mu ziwiya zadothi makampani, kumene nkhaniyi yaiwisi ntchito yopanga zadothi stoneware ndi zadothi. Chifukwa katundu wa mchere ake zapangika zinthuzi yodziwika ndi plasticity.

Montmorillonite ndi zachilendo zinthu zambiri. mipweya ake akhala wosakhazikika ndipo zimadalira pa katundu wa mlengalenga, kuphatikizapo ku wokhutira madzi. Zimaphunzitsa thanthwe kupanga mchere adzalandira galasi latisi m'manja, chifukwa amene kwambiri pathupi pa kukhudzana ndi chinyontho.

Montmorillonite aumbike m'mikhalidwe zamchere chifukwa kuwonongeka ndi tuff phulusa chiphala chamoto, mu madzi. Iye amapezeka mu malo ikuwombedwa igneous thanthwe ndi kugonjetsedwa ndi mankhwala weathering. mchere izi Akuti argillaceous miyala adsorbability zina ndi kutupa. Montmorillonite ntchito monga emulsifier ndi, filler, ndi brightener. minda yake ili mu Crimea, ndi Carpathians ndi Caucasus.

khwatsi

oxides mchere - ndi mankhwala zitsulo ndi oxygen. Nthumwi ambiri gulu ili khwatsi. mchere izi aumbike mwa njira igneous zikuchitika mkati kwambiri a dziko lapansi. Kumachitika mu yofanana atatu: monga cristobalite ndi, tridymite ndi-khwatsi. Otsiriza a zosintha izi kuphunzira kuposa ena.

Silika zili m'gulu la mchere thanthwe n'kupanga miyala igneous (ndi nyanja ndi metamorphic). Ndi mankhwala kugonjetsedwa. Khwatsi amasonkhana, kupanga m'dambo amphamvu, mchenga ndi sandstones. mchere ntchito mu ziwiya zadothi ndi mafakitale galasi. Ngati mwala wa chilengedwe (sandstone ndi quartzite), ndi otchuka monga kumanga ndi zomangila kuyembekezera. Komanso, amagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu kupanga glassware, zipangizo kuwala ndi zina zotero. D.

carbonates

gulu lina la mchere thanthwe kupanga - carbonates. Iwo ankagwiritsa ntchito mchere asidi carbonic. Carbonates ndi khalidwe la miyala metamorphic ndi nyanja. Mitundu ambiri a iwo - magnesite, calcium ndi sodium wochuluka. Onse ali ndi katundu awo.

Calcite amakhala solubility osauka madzi. Mchikakamizo cha mpweya woipa akhoza kupita bicarbonate. mankhwala uli kusungunuka mu nthawi zana mofulumira mu madzi kuposa calcite yachibadwa. mchere izi zimapezeka mu aggregates crystalline speleothems ndi madipoziti wandiweyani ya mabo ndipo laimu. Calcite akhoza kupanga chifukwa cha kudzikundikira sludge. Chifukwa china chikuoneka - ndi mafunsidwe kashiamu carbonate m'madzi. madipoziti The zimapezeka Urals, Ukraine ndi Kaleria.

Magnesite ndi ofanana calcite thupi ndi dongosolo, koma m'chilengedwe n'kukhala kwambiri. Chifukwa mapangidwe zinthu zake. Magnesite aumbike mwa weathering wa serpentinite ndi anzake magnesian anajambulapo ndi mavutowo.

Sodium - loyera kapena colorless mchere zikuchitika mu mawonekedwe a misa wandiweyani ndi granular. Pamene usavutike, amasungunula. Sodium hydroxide njira opangidwa ku nyanja mchere ngati imene owonjezera kusungunuka mpweya. mchere ili ntchito zitsulo ndi kupanga galasi.

opal

Opal - ambiri amorphous hydrated silika. Iye sakunena amanyoza mu zidulo, koma ndi sungunuka alkalis. Pali zinthu zochepa maphunziro ake. Zikuoneka chifukwa geysers mchere mafunsidwe ndi njira otentha ndipo ikuwombedwa igneous miyala. Komanso, aumbike chifukwa kudzikundikira katundu kagayidwe kachakudya zinthu zamoyo m'nyanja. Opals ali otchuka mfundo jewelers.

Sulfates ndi sulfides

Mchere sulfates ndi sulfuric asidi salt, anapanga padziko lapansi. Ambiri mwa mankhwala a gulu sachita m'khola kutumphuka pulanetiyo. Sulfates monga gypsum ndi barite mirabilite ntchito zolinga yomanga. Anhydrite ndi granular thanthwe. mchere izi crystalline ndi khalidwe yochitidwa buluu.

Pokhudzana ndi madzi kumaonjezera kuchuluka kwa anhydrite ndi gypsum amakhala imene chidwi kudzikundikira macheka. sulphate Izi lililonse mankhwala precipitate anapanga pa kuyanika nyanja. Gypsum ndi anhydrite ntchito ngati binders.

Lolemera spar kapena barite ndi timibulu tabular akukhala nawo maonekedwe enieni. Iye sanali kuphonya X-ray, chifukwa cha zimene ntchito popanga konkire wapadera. Barite aumbike chifukwa cha imfa ya madzi njira otentha.

Sulfides - ndi pawiri sulfure ndi zinthu zina. M'kalasimo ili cinnabar. mchere izi amagwirizana ndi mapiri wamng'ono. Mu chikhalidwe, cinnabar opezeka mu mawonekedwe a mitsempha ndi mapangidwe madipoziti. Iwo amasonkhana chifukwa cha alluvial kukhazikika pa nthaka. Cinnabar wa Mercury ntchito mu kaphatikizidwe ndi kupanga utoto.