Organelle - ndi ... ntchito, dongosolo la organelles

Organelle - ndi mapangidwe zonse mu khungu lomwe amachita ntchito yeniyeni. Iwo akutchedwa organelles. Organelle - izi ndi zimene zimathandiza selo moyo. Mu njira yomweyo monga nyama ndi anthu amapangidwa ndi ziwalo, kotero m'selo iliyonse imakhala ndi organelles. Ali osiyanasiyana ndi kukwaniritsa ntchito zonse kupereka moyo selo: izi kagayidwe, ndi kusunga, ndi kugawikana.

ndi organelles chiyani?

Organelle - dongosolo zovuta. Ena mwa iwo angakhale ndi DNA awo ndi RNA. Maselo onse pali mitochondria, ribosomes, lysosomes, likulu selo makina (zovuta) Golgi zida, endoplasmic reticulum (reticulum). Zomera komanso kukhala zenizeni ma organelles: ndi vacuole ndi plastids. Ena amanena kuti organelles ndi microtubules ndi microfilaments.

Organelle - ndi ribosome, ndi vacuole ndi pakati selo, ndi ena ambiri. Tiyeni tione pa kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya organelles.

mitochondria

organelles izi kupereka selo ndi mphamvu - iwo ali ndi udindo kupuma ma. Iwo ndi zomera ndi nyama, ndi bowa. Izi organelles awiri ma ndi nembanemba: kunja ndi mkati, umene uli pakati pa malo intermembrane. Kodi mkati chipolopolo anacemerwa bokosi. Pali zosiyanasiyana michere - zinthu zofunika mofulumira zosiyanasiyana mankhwala. Nembanemba mkati ali makutu - cristae. Ndi pa iwo ndi ndondomeko ya kupuma ma. Komanso, mu masanjidwewo kwa mayitirokondiriyoni ndi kwa mayitirokondiriyoni DNA (cDNA) ndi mRNA ndi ribosome zayamba ofanana ndi a maselo prokaryotic.

ribosome

organelle Izi udindo ntchito yomasulira, imene munthu amino zidulo mapuloteni ndi apanga. Kapangidwe ka ribosome ndi organelle mosavuta kuposa mitochondria - alibe Kakhungu. organoid iyi imakhala ndi mbali ziwiri (subunits) - yaing'ono ndi yaikulu. Pamene ribosome wofooka, iwo anasiyanitsidwa ndi pamene iyo iyamba lithe mapuloteni - pamodzi. Komanso akhoza kubwera pamodzi ndi angapo ribosomes, ngati polypeptide unyolo, apanga ndi iwo, motalika kwambiri. Kapangidwe limeneli limatchedwa "polyribosomes".

lysosomes

Organelles ntchito ya mtundu uwu ndi kuchepetsedwa kuti kukhazikitsa chimbudzi ma. Lysosomes adzalandira Kakhungu wina mwa amene ali michere - catalysts mosiyanasiyana mankhwala. Nthawi zina organelles sangokhala kokha anali m'mimba mwa zakudya, komanso kupukusa organelles lonse. Izi angayambe pa maselo yaitali kusala kudya ndi inam'thandiza moyo kwa nthawi yaitali. Ngakhale ngati zakudya adakali osayamba kufika, selo afa.

pakati Cell: kapangidwe ndi ntchito

organelle Izi zigawo ziwiri - ndi centrioles. Maphunziro mu mawonekedwe a zonenepa, wopangidwa mwa microtubules. pakati Cell - ndi organelle zofunika kwambiri. Iwo kumatanthauza mapangidwe spindle mitotic. Komanso ndiko kuchimake kwa microtubule bungwe.

Golgi chifaniziro

Ndi zovuta yooneka ngati mbale imayamba Kakhungu sacs otchedwa cisternae. Ntchito organelle lino kusanja, ndi kupanga kusunga zinthu zina. Apanga makamaka chakudya, zomwe zili mbali ya glycocalyx lapansi.

Kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya reticulum endoplasmic

Ndi zopezera machubu ndi matumba atazungulira Kakhungu. Pali mitundu iwiri ya reticulum endoplasmic: yosalala ndi akhakula. Padziko, yotsirizira ili ribosome. Yosalala ndi akhakula reticulum ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Woyamba ndi udindo kaphatikizidwe mahomoni, yosungirako ndi kutembenuka kwa chakudya. Komanso, pali anapanga zoyamba vacuoles - organelles enieni zomera maselo. Akhakula endoplasmic reticulum lili ribosomes pamwamba pake, amene mudameretsa polypeptide unyolo amino zidulo. Ndiye iwo akulowa reticulum endoplasmic, ndipo kumeneko aumbike wina sekondale, ukachenjede ndi quaternary Kapangidwe ka mapuloteni (unyolo bwino zopotoka).

vacuoles

Izi organelle la zomera maselo. Ali ndi Kakhungu umodzi. Iwo kudziunjikira selo kuyamwa. The vacuole m'pofunika kukhala turgor. Iye nawonso m'kati osmosis. Komanso, pali contractile vacuole. Iwo ali makamaka zamoyo unicellular zokhala m'madzi, akhale mpope efflux ku maselo a madzi owonjezera.

Plastids: mitundu, kapangidwe ndi ntchito

Komanso ndi organelle la zomera maselo. Iwo ali a mitundu itatu: leucoplasts, chromoplasts ndi chloroplasts. Choyamba ntchito kusunga nkhokwe chakudya, makamaka wowuma. Chromoplasts muli inki zosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa cha iwo, zomera osiyanasiyana pamakhala. Ndi chofunika ndi thupi mu malo oyamba kuti kukopa mungu tizilombo.

Chloroplasts - ndi plastids zofunika kwambiri. Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri a iwo mu masamba ndi mitengo ya mbewuzo. Ali ndi udindo dzuwa - unyolo zochita mankhwala ndondomeko ya thupi afika zinthu organic zochita kupanga. organelles awa ndi nembanemba awiri. Masanjidwewo chloroplasts amatchedwa "stroma". Lili ndi plastid DNA, RNA, michere, ndi wowuma kutsegula. nyumba membranous mu mawonekedwe a ndalama - thylakoids zili chloroplasts. Mkati iwo, ndi dzuwa. Lilinso wotchedwa chlorophyll, amene akutumikira monga kuthandiza munthu zochita mankhwala. Thylakoids wa chloroplasts amaphatikizidwa mu mulu wa - grana. Komanso organelles ndi lamellae amene ali inakula munthu thylakoids ndi kupereka kugwirizana therebetween.

organelle kayendedwe

Iwo yodziwika makamaka zamoyo zokhala ndi selo imodzi. Zikuphatikizapo michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana ndi cilia. Masiku ano yoyamba Euglena, trypanosomes, Chlamydomonas. Komanso alipo nyama umuna michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana. Cilia ndi ciliates ndi zamoyo zina unicellular.

microtubules

Iwo amapereka zoyendera zinthu, komanso mtundu wonse chifukwa cha foni. Asayansi ena amanena microtubules kuti organelles lapansi.