Solutions: ndende misa nusu. Tanthauzo, mawerengedwe ndi ayamikira

Unyinji ndende wa njira ndi imodzi mwa mfundo wamba mu umagwirira ano. M'nkhaniyi tiona ati awulule maonekedwe a njira ya, mitundu, ntchito. Taonani zitsanzo za mawerengedwe a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya woipa.

Features zothetsera

Yankho - dongosolo homogeneous ndi zikuchokera variable. Limodzi nthawi zonse amachita ngati sing'anga mwa zigawo ziwiri za njira. Kuti izo kupasuka makombo structural zinthu zina. Njirayi imatchedwa zosungunulira, mwa amene anakonza ndi solute molekyulu.

Ngati awiri wosanganiza gaseous zinthu, ndiye ndi zosungunulira si zokhazi. Pakuti aliyense zinthu zonse yapangitsa kuwerengetsera wapadera.

Kupeza machitidwe homogeneous

Kupeza njira zothetsera homogeneous wa solutes zofunika onongani magawo structural. Only mu nkhani iyi dongosolo adzakwaniritsidwa. Pamene m'malovu ang'onoang'ono splintering, mbewu zomwe amafalitsidwa mu sing'anga wokonzeka colloidal njira, emulsions, suspensions.

ntchito njira

Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, pomanga osakaniza mchenga, simenti, madzi, komanso kuti ndi njira, koma mankhwala mawonedwe ndi kuyimitsidwa. Tanthauzo zothandiza njira akhoza zimachitika pa zifukwa zosiyanasiyana.

zochita mankhwala kunachitika njira madzi mu buku la zosungunulira. Izi zimapangitsa iwo kupezeka kwa zimene popanda kanthu zoonjezera pa dongosolo. The osakaniza munali particles olimba, kugwira zimene yonse. Kuti athandize kumbali ya ndondomekoyi, particles ayenera funsani pa mfundo zina. Kuonjezera timibulu mlingo anachita anali triturated mu mtondo, ndiyeno iwo ali wothinikizidwa. Koma si nthawi yomweyo zotheka kuwafika chokwanira kwa ndondomekoyi.

The njira ndi ndondomeko chomwecho chimachitika mosiyana. Mamolekyulu kusuntha momasuka mwansanga awo masinthidwe mankhwala zimachitika. The mphamvu kuti ayamba kuima mu linachepa amasonkhana dongosolo zosungunulira ali pafupifupi osati usavutike mtima.

thupi katundu ndi ndende ya njira zothanirana

Misa nusu ya zinthu zimathandiza kudziwa chiŵerengero kachulukidwe wa solute ndi zosungunulira anatengedwa kukonzekera kwawo. Zitsulo kasakaniza wazitsulo, ndi njira, nawonso, ndi njira, koma olimba, yodziwika ndi zina magawo thupi.

Njira angathe kusintha potency wa chigawo kusungunuka. Izi zimapangitsa iwo otchuka pa ulimi ndi mankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, njira ya permanganate potaziyamu (potaziyamu permanganate) ntchito zochizira mabala ndi abrasions mu ndende mkulu. Koma yothandiza ndi ndende zake otsika. Choncho, kachigawo Unyinji wa mankhwala 2-3% njira amapereka pang'ono pinki, anati kwa lavage muzituluka.

timibulu mdima violet wa permanganate potaziyamu sizigwiritsidwa ntchito mankhwala zolinga, chifukwa iwo ndi katundu amphamvu oxidizing. Ambiri, mphamvu ya mtundu mwachindunji zokhudzana ndi chimene maganizo ake. Misa nusu ya mankhwala akhoza kusintha kawopsedwe wa njira yotsirizidwa.

misa kachigawo

Kodi kuwerengera ndende zimenezi? Misa nusu ya thunthu amakhala ndi chiŵerengero cha unyinji wa zinthu zolemera njira kutengedwa ngati anthu a. katundu wawo organoleptic amakhudza osati kokha chimene zidzasungunuka, koma mphambu. Mwachitsanzo, kwa ofooka saline njira nkomwe khalidwe amakambirana, pamene pa woipa mkulu izo kumaonekera amakhala osiyana.

Zochita amaonekera mwa ndende? Misa nusu ya mankhwala mu njira ankachitira mu njira sukulu zimapangidwira zochita kupanga. Ntchito pa tanthauzo m'gulu zinthu mayeso maphunziro kalasi 9.

Apa Buku Mwachitsanzo imene ndende ntchito.

Sodium kolorayidi 25%. Kulemera magalamu 250 njira. Kudziwa kulemera kwa madzi ali m'bukuli. Kuchita kuwerengetsera muyenera choyamba muganize unyinji wa thunthu. Yachokera kufanana ndi timapeza kuti thunthu mu njira ya magalamu 62,5. Kudziwa Unyinji wa madzi ayenera subtracted ku magalamu 250 kulemera kwa zinthu, chifukwa ndi 187,5 ga

mitundu ya woipa

ndende ndi chiyani? Kulemera kachigawo zosakwana kwathunthu akhoza kupezeka mu njira. Mu umagwirira, mawu akuti "ndende" amatanthauza okhutira ena a solute lapansi. Pali mitundu ingapo ya izo: ndi molar, misa ndende.

Mwachitsanzo, kukonza njira ya magalamu 80 a madzi ndi magalamu 20 a sodium kolorayidi ndi kudziwa misa tuzigawo twa wa chinthu mu njira uyenera kudziwa kulemera kwa njira. Zidzakhala magalamu zana. Chiwerengero mankhwala ochititsa 20 peresenti analandira.

Ife kusanthula zomwe ndi misa nusu. The molar ndende chiŵerengero cha mankhwala adzatenge buku la yankho atengedwa. Kuti akonze njira ndi kuperekedwa ndende molar, choyamba kudziwa Unyinji wa mankhwala. Ndiye kulemedwa ndi kuchuluka anakhumba uli kusungunuka mu lita imodzi ya zosungunulira.

Mawerengedwe a ndende molar

Choncho, ntchito yokonza malita 2 wa njira ndi ndende ya 0,15 mol / l mchere choyamba Calculated misa amene ali njira. Kuti tichite zimenezi, gawani timadontho-timadontho 0,15 pa lita imodzi ya 2 timapeza 0,075 mol. Tsopano ife kugwira ntchito zowerengetsa misa: chulukanani ndi 0,075 mol, 58,5 g / mol. Zotsatira - 4,39 ga

Zolinga za Analytical Chemistry

Monga ntchito mankhwala kusanthula vuto ankaona. Mothandizidwa ndi mzimuwo kudziwa zikuchokera osakaniza, kuchititsa mayesero matenda miyala kusanthula kale. Kuti tichite zimenezi, muyenera kudziwa Mkhalidwe ndi kachulukidwe zikuchokera njira.

Mwa ntchito zimene nthawi zambiri amapezeka mu umagwirira zochita kupanga, chilemba woipa yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala pa mtengo kuperekedwa zinthu zina. Mwa mayesero angathe kuchitidwa ndi Kuwonjezera mwapang'onopang'ono njira amadziwika imene molar ndende ya yankho ankafuna. Zimenezi amatchedwa titration.

Solubility ndi solvents

The zosungunulira ambiri ndi madzi. Izo mwangwiro sungunuka zapansi, zidulo, salt, ena organic mankhwala. Kuti njira amadzimadzi ndi ambiri mu kachitidwe chikhalidwe. Madzi amachita monga zosungunulira kwachilengedwenso. Amaona maziko pakutchulidwa wa madzi ambiri: magazi, cytosolic, madzi intercellular. mitundu ya nyama ndi zomera moyo mu sing'anga amadzimadzi.

Solubility katundu otchedwa mankhwala kusungunuka mu zosungunulira anasankha. Izi chodabwitsa zovuta yomwe imafuna kutenga nkhani zina zabwino zina ndi peculiarities wa kapangidwe ka zosungunulira lapansi.

Monga khalidwe la zinthu organic akhoza kutchulidwa alcohols. Zikuphatikizapo chake gulu umembala gidrokislnye Choncho, solubility mkulu.

Pomaliza

madzi iliyonse tinganene kuti ngati zosungunulira ndi. N'chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri kumayambitsa solubility tonse zakumwa zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, mwa mankhwala organic akhoza kutchulidwa madzi solubility esters.

yosiyanasiyana woipa ntchito umagwirira zochita kupanga ndi organic, kuthandiza kuchititsa Mkhalidwe ndi kachulukidwe mtima wa zinthu. Chiphunzitso njira zikufunika kwambiri mu umagwirira mawunikidwe, mankhwala ndi mankhwala lero.