Lamulo zodziwitsa

zinthu zonse zambiri akuimira mu dongosolo mankhwala nthawi mu maonekedwe: mizere ya imakonzedwa (nthawi ndi mizere) ndi mizati (lolingana magulu) pa tebulo ndi kuwonjezeka kulemera atomiki. Kupezeka kwa lamulo nthawi lokhudza 1869 ndipo mosakayikira limabweretsa Russian wasayansi sayansi - Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev. Ngakhale magwero ambiri achilendo pafupi dzina lawo dzina Yuliuas Lothar Meyer, amene, monga mwa iwo, patapita chaka (koma paokha) anayamba dongosolo ofanana. Fungulo la kwa bwino kwa nthawi yaitali za sayansi Russian anazindikira kuti Dziwani asayansi ena alephera, monga ambiri zinthu mankhwala sizinachitike anatulukira, kotero iye anasiya tebulo wake kwa wantchito wawo.

Chilamulo nthawi, chimaonetsedwa monga tebulo nthawi, horizontally kugawidwa m'mbali zisanu ndi ziwiri. The mayina a nthawi yoyamba, lachiwiri ndi lachitatu lifanane ndi mndandanda womwewo wa mawerengero achiroma: I, II, III. Nthawi chachinayi, chachisanu ndi chimodzi ogaŵikana ngakhale ndi osamvetseka mizere amadziŵika ndi mawerengero achiroma: IV, V, VI, VII, VIII ndi IX. A nthawi chiwiri chikugwirizana ndi X mbali. Ofukula khumi mizati kapena mizati zinthu zonse anafalikira magulu atatu. Gulu lirilonse, kuchokera koyamba kwa chiwiri, lagawidwa magawo awiri, ndiwo waukulu ndi sekondale subgroups. Gulu chitatu tichipeza magulu kum'mwera anayi. Komanso, maselo ndi awiri zinthu mankhwala a gulu lachitatu - lanthanum ndi actinium - kubisa mizere, motero anaitana lanthanides (58 71 chiwerengero) ndi actinides (90 mpaka 103 chiwerengero).

Mu nthawi yoyamba awiri okha nthumwi: hydrogen ndi helium. Wachiwiri ndi wachitatu amapanga zinthu mankhwala eyiti. Nthawi chachinayi, chachisanu ndi chimodzi yaitali, kuyambira aliyense m'gulu khumi kuonekera zinthu, amafalitsidwa motere: mu ngakhale mizere munali khumi ndi osamvetseka mu okwana asanu ndi atatu. Koma tikawonetsetsa ndi kulingalira mozama lanthanides, nthawi chimodzi, muli zinthu makumi awiri mankhwala, kuphatikizapo khumi chobisika. Nthawi chiwiri ndi lalitali, ali khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu, zinayi akalipo, ndi khumi ndi zinayi (actinides) zibisika. Zinthu zimene zimapanga mizere tinayamba wachinayi, wachisanu ndi chimodzi nthawi ndi mbali subgroups (b), ndi ngakhale mizere ali subgroups chachikulu (a), pamodzi ndi iwo amene ali a choyamba wachiwiri, wachitatu ndi chiwiri nthawi,.

Lamulo nthawi limanena kuti zonse zam'mwamba mwa gulu lomweli amasiyana kufananiza izi ndi mzake ndipo amasiyana ndinasintha anthu amene ali mbali ya magulu ena. Mwachitsanzo, mu gulu Ia kupatula wa hydrogen, monga zitsulo ndi mankhwala valence kuphatikiza 1, pamene gulu VIIa, kupatula astatine, zinthu zonse ndi nonmetals, ndiwo mankhwala ambiri ndi valence wa opanda 1. Lero malamulo nthawi ankaimira osati tebulo. Masamu mawu alibe, koma pali mawu akuti katundu aliyense mchitidwe mankhwala, komanso katundu wa zinthu yosavuta ndi pawiri mankhwala imene ali nawo, ndi nthawi amadalira pa mlandu wa phata atomiki.

Akuti periodicity anali woyamba akufuna D. I. Mendeleevym, ngakhale kuti m'mbuyomu pakhala zoyesayesa za asayansi ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana mwanjira mtundu zina mankhwala. Koma iye amene anaona kuti pamene kuwayika iwo mu dongosolo la kuwonjezeka misa atomiki, chuma cha wina mchitidwe chitatu ndi amafanana a choyamba. Mu 1869, Baibulo loyamba pa tebulo (pa nthawi ankadziwika zinthu 60 okha) akadali osiyana kwambiri ndi mitundu ano, udzakhalire malamulo nthawi ndi nthawi. Pa nthawi kakusintha zina, amene amathandizana watsopano, kenako anapeza zinthu mankhwala a. Koma akuwonongedwa osati lingaliro la periodicity wa katundu mankhwala maatomu, amene ankatsogoleredwa ndi wamkulu Russian sayansi, koma aliyense wa iwo watsimikizira malamulo okhazikitsidwa ndi asayansi athu.

Panja asayansi Russian chilamulo zodziwitsa ndi ndondomeko ya kulenga dongosolo zodziwitsa akhala maziko odalirika zimapangidwira ano. Potero Mendeleev kudzudzulidwa ena maatomu misa zawo ndipo ananeneratu kuti kuli mu chikhalidwe cha atatu zinthu panobe sanaidziŵe lomwe kenako anapeza experimentally anatsimikizira, ndipo anapeza gallium, scandium ndi germanium. Zonsezi zinachititsa kuti kuzindikira ambiri a dongosolo lino nthawi. Phindu la chilamulo nthawi sangathe n'kofunika, monga kupezeka inali yofunika kwambiri mu kukula kwa zimapangidwira.