Mapangidwe, Sayansi
The katundu mankhwala alkynes. Kapangidwe, kukonzekera, ntchito
Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes - ndi organic mankhwala. Onse a iwo anamanga zinthu ngati mankhwala monga mpweya ndi wa hydrogen. Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes - ndi mankhwala mankhwala, amene ali a gulu hydrocarbon.
M'nkhaniyi tiona alkynes.
Ndi chiyani icho?
zinthu izi amatchedwanso chimasanduka acetylene. Kapangidwe ka alkyne amapereka pamaso pa mamolekyulu awo a hydrogen ndi mpweya maatomu. General chilinganizo acetylenic chimasanduka amenewa: C N H 2n-2. Losavuta alkyne yosavuta - ethyne (acetylene). Iwo ali pano mankhwala chilinganizo - C 2 H 2. Limanenanso alkynes propyne wa chilinganizo C 3 N 4. Komanso, kuti acetylenic chimasanduka zikuphatikizapo butyne (C 4 H 6), pentin (C 5 H 8) hexyne (C 6 H 10) heptyn (C 7 H 12), octyne (C 8 H 14), nonyne ( C 9 H 16) decyne (C 10 H 18), ndi zina zotero. d. mitundu yonse ya alkynes kuonetsa makhalidwe ofanana. Tiyeni tione iwo mwatsatanetsatane.
The thupi katundu wa alkynes
Maonekedwe chimasanduka acetylene kukumbutsa alkenes.
M'mikhalidwe wabwinobwino, alkynes, mamolekyulu amene ali awiri kuti maatomu anayi mpweya, ndi gaseous boma akaphatikiza. Anthu mamolekyulu umene asanu ndi 16 mpweya maatomu, m'mikhalidwe yachibadwa madzi. Anthu mamolekyulu amene 17 kapena kuposa maatomu a chinthu mankhwala, - zolimba.
Alkynes kusungunula ndi kuwiritsa pa kutentha kuposa alkanes ndi alkenes.
Solubility mu madzi ndi zonyozeka, koma pang'ono kuposa wa alkenes ndi alkanes.
Solubility mu mankhwala ndiponso ndi mkulu.
Ambiri ntchito alkyne - acetylene - ali katundu ngati thupi:
- Ilibe mtundu;
- odorless;
- m'mikhalidwe wabwinobwino, ndi mu mkhalidwe gaseous wa loitanirana;
- Iwo ali osalimba poyerekeza mpweya;
- kuwira mfundo - opanda madigiri 83,6 Celsius;
The katundu mankhwala alkynes
Mu zinthu zimenezi, maatomu amakondana chomangira patatu, lomwe limafotokoza katundu zazikulu. Alkynes anatani mtundu uwu:
- hydrogenation;
- gidrogalogenirovanie;
- halogenation;
- hydration;
- moto.
Tiyeni titenge izo mu dongosolo.
hydrogenation
The katundu mankhwala alkynes kuwalola kuchita mtundu wa anachita. Mtundu wa ankachita mankhwala, momwe thunthu molekyulu kamadzimamatiza kuti maatomu wa hydrogen zina. Pano pali chitsanzo cha chotero mankhwala anachita pa nkhani ya propyne:
2H 2 + C 3 H 4 = C 3 H 8
Zimenezi zikachitika kaŵiri. M'nthawi propyne molekyulu amamangirira maatomu awiri a haidrojini, ndipo chachiwiri - yofanana.
halogenation
Ichi anachita china, chomwe ndi mbali ya katundu mankhwala alkynes. Zotsatira zake acetylenic hydrocarbon molekyulu amamangirira halogen maatomu. Dama zinthu monga chloro, bromo, iodo, etc.
Pano pali chitsanzo cha zimenezi zingachitike pa nkhani ya ethinyl:
C 2 H 2 + 2SІ 2 = C 2 H 2 s² 4
Zikufana ndi zotheka ndi chimasanduka ena acetylenic.
Gidrogalogenirovanie
Ndi chimodzi cha zochita waukulu, umene uli mbali ya katundu mankhwala alkynes. Iwo kwagona kuti thunthu ndi anachitira ndi mankhwala monga NSІ, ni, HBr, ndi ena. Izi mankhwala anachita amapezeka mu mbali ziwiri. Tiyeni tione zimene mtundu uwu pa chitsanzo cha ethinyl:
C 2 H 2 + NSІ = C 2 H 3 s²
C 2 H 2 + s² NSІ = C 2 H 4 s² 2
hydration
Ichi ndi mankhwala anachita kuti ali kukhudzana ndi madzi. Komanso amapezeka mu mbali ziwiri. Tiyeni tiyang'ane pa ichi chitsanzo cha ethinyl:
H 2 O + C 2 H 2 = C 2 H 3 HA
mankhwala yomwe aumbike itatha yoyamba siteji anachita otchedwa vinilu mowa.
Chifukwa chakuti malinga ndi ulamuliro Eltekova HA zinchito gulu sangakhale pafupi ndi chomangira awiri, rearrangement maatomu, chifukwa cha zomwe mowa vinilu aumbike acetaldehyde.
The ndondomeko ya hydration anachita amatchedwanso alkyne Kucherova.
woyaka
Izi ndondomeko mogwirizana kwa alkynes ndi mpweya kutentha. Taonani moto zinthu za gulu ndi acetylene Mwachitsanzo:
2C 2 H 2 + 2O 2 = 2H 2 O + NKHA 2 + 3C
Pamene owonjezera mpweya, acetylene, ndi alkynes ena kuwotcha popanda mapangidwe mpweya. Choncho allocated yekha monoxide mpweya ndi madzi. Nawu aone kuti pali linachepa ndi Mwachitsanzo propyne:
4O 2 + C 3 H 4 = 2H 2 O + 3SO 2
Kutentha chimasanduka ena acetylenic likugwiritsidwanso chimodzimodzi. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, madzi adzamasulidwa ndi mpweya.
zochita zina
Komanso acetylenes angathe yatikhudza ndi mchere wa zitsulo monga siliva, mkuwa, ndi calcium. Choncho pali m'malo maatomu wa hydrogen zitsulo. Taganizirani chitsanzo ichi polingalira zimene ndi acetylene ndi siliva nitrate:
C 2 H 2 + 2AgNO3 = AG 2 C 2 + 2NH 4 NO 3 + 2H 2 O
ndondomeko ina chidwi yokhudza alkynes - Zelinsky anachita. mapangidwe uyu wa benzene ku acetylene pamene mkangano digiri 600 Celsius pamaso pa adamulowetsa mpweya. The aone kuti pali chifukwa linachepa tingasonyezere motere:
3C 2 H 2 = C 6 H 6
polymerization wa alkynes ngati n'kotheka - ndondomeko ya gulu la tinthu angapo thunthu mu polima a.
phwando
Alkyne anachita kuti tinakambirana pamwamba, kukonzekera zasayansi mu njira zingapo.
The choyamba - ndi dehydrohalogenation. Izo zikuwoneka anachita aone kuti pali motere:
C 2 H 4 br 2 + 2KOH = C 2 H 2 + 2H 2 O + 2KBr
Yokwaniritsira ndondomeko imeneyi ndi kutenthetsa reactants, ndi kuwonjezera Mowa monga chothandizira.
Komanso pali kuthekera alkynes kwa mankhwala zochita kupanga. Pano pali chitsanzo:
CaC 2 + H 2 O = C 2 H 2 + 2CA (o) 2
The njira yotsatira yopangira alkyne - dehydrogenation. Pano pali chitsanzo cha zimenezi zingachitike:
= 3H 2 CH 4 + 2 C 2 H 2
Ndi mtundu uwu wa zotani zopezera osati ethyne, koma chimasanduka ena acetylenic.
Ntchito alkyne
Ambiri ntchito makampani anali losavuta alkyne - ethyne. Ambiri ntchito makampani mankhwala a.
- Pakufunika acetylene kapena zina alkynes yopangira wina mankhwala organic monga ketones, aldehydes, ndi solvents ena.
- Komanso ku alkynes akhoza zopezera zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu kupanga rubbers, polyvinyl mankhwala enaake ndi ena.
- Kuyambira propyne akhoza analandira chifukwa kafungo kabwino RAKTs Kucherova.
- Komanso, acetylene ntchito pokonza mankhwala monga asidi acetic, chimasanduka onunkhira ethyl mowa.
- More acetylene ntchito nkhuni ndi kutentha kwambiri kwa kuyaka.
- Komanso ethynyl kuyaka anachita ntchito kuwotcherera zitsulo.
- Komanso, ntchito acetylene angathe kukonzekera zaumisiri mpweya.
- Komanso, mankhwala ntchito mindandanda yamasewera kumbali-yekha.
- Acetylene ndi chimasanduka ena chiwerengero cha gulu ili ntchito ngati propellants chifukwa kutentha kwake mkulu wa kuyaka.
Mu ntchito iyi alkynes ikutha.
Pomaliza
Monga otsiriza tebulo ndi chidule cha katundu wa chimasanduka acetylene ndi kukonzekera awo.
| dzina zosiyanasiyana | mafotokozedwe | Mwachitsanzo aone kuti pali |
| halogenation | Kuwonjezera anachita molekyulu wa acetylenic maatomu hydrocarbon halogen (bromine, ayodini, chlorine, etc.). | C 4 H 6 + 2I 2 = C 4 H 6 I 2 |
| hydrogenation | Kuwonjezera zimene ndi alkyne maatomu wa hydrogen molekyulu. Kumachitika mu magawo awiri. | C 3 H 4 + H 2 = C 3 H 6 C 3 H 6 + H 2 = C 3 H 8 |
| Gidrogalogenirovanie | Kuwonjezera anachita acetylene molekyulu hydrocarbon gidrogalogenov (ni, NSІ, HBr). Kumachitika mu magawo awiri. | C 2 H 2 + ni = C 2 H 3 Ine C 2 H 3 + ni za Ine = C 2 H 4 Ine 2 |
| hydration | Zochita, ozikidwa pa mogwirizana ndi madzi. Kumachitika mu magawo awiri. | C 2 H 2 + H 2 O = C 2 H 3 HA C 2 H 3 HA = CH 3 -CHO |
| The makutidwe ndi okosijeni zonse (kuyaka) | Atsetilenovgo yatikhudza hydrocarbon ndi mpweya ndi kutentha okwera. Ici ulikubala monoxide mpweya ndi madzi. | 2C 2 H 5 + 5O 2 = 2H 2 O + 4CO 2 2C 2 H 2 + 2O 2 = H 2 O + NKHA 2 + 3C |
| Zochita ndi salt chitsulo | Amakhala chakuti maatomu zitsulo ndi malo ndi maatomu mu mamolekyulu a haidrojini chimasanduka acetylenic. | C 2 H 2 + AgNO3 = C 2 AG 2 + 2NH 4 NO 3 + 2H 2 O |
Pezani alkynes kungakhale zasayansi ntchito njira zitatu:
- mankhwala zochita kupanga;
- ndi dehydrogenation wa mankhwala organic;
- dehydrohalogenation njira zinthu organic.
Kotero ife anayang'ana pa makhalidwe onse thupi ndi mankhwala alkyne ndi njira zawo lokonzekera, ntchito mafakitale.
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