Experience Stern - phunziro experimental chiphunzitso maselo-kayendedwe

Mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, kuphunzira Brownian (wachisokonezo) zoyenda la tinthu anachititsa chidwi a sayansi ambiri ongolankhula a nthawi. Yopangidwa ndi Scottish wasayansi James Maxwell chiphunzitso cha dongosolo maselo-kayendedwe pa nkhaniyi ngakhale kuti anali ambiri amaona mu asayansi European, koma panali yekha mawonekedwe Wonenedwa. No nkhaniyi zikutsimikiziridwa ndiye ayi. Kayendedwe ka tinthu anakhalabe kuwerengedwa kuonerera mwachindunji ndi muyeso wa liwiro lawo ankaona kuti n'zosatheka chabe nkhani za sayansi.

N'chifukwa chake nkhaniyi akhoza kuchita kutsimikizira mfundo ya kapangidwe maselo a mankhwala ndi kudziwa liwiro la kayendedwe ka particles yosaoneka, poyamba anazindikira achikhazikitso. kufunika yofunika zatsopano zimenezi kwa sayansi thupi anaona, monga timatha kupeza substantiation yeniyeni ndi umboni wa zotuluka pa imodzi mwa ziphunzitso zapamwamba kwambiri nthawi - ndi maselo-kayendedwe.

Pofika kumayambiriro kwa m'ma makumi awiri, ndi sayansi dziko wafika mlingo wokwanira wa chitukuko cha zikamera za mwayi weniweni wa yachinsinsi experimental chiphunzitso Maxwell a. German sayansi Otto Stern mu 1920, kugwiritsa ntchito mtanda njira maselo, limene anapanga ndi France Lui Dyunoye mu 1911, chaka, amalowerera kuyeza liwiro la kayendedwe ka tinthu mpweya siliva. Experience Stern irrefutably taziona zimatsimikizira la chilamulo yogawa Maxwell a. Zotsatira za kuyesera anatsimikizira kukhulupirika ziyenera zikutanthauza velocities maatomu omwe asefukira ku mfundo Wonenedwa yotentha ndi Maxwell. N'zoona mmene zinachitikira mkulu-liwiro panopa mmene anawasiyanitsira Stern anatha kupereka uthenga yaukali kwambiri. Komanso mudziwe sayansi anali kudikira zaka nayini.

Mwandondomeko wamkulu lamulo kugawa akhoza kuonanso Lammert mu 1929, angapo bwino zinachitikira Stern ndi kudutsa mtengo maselo kudzera awiri onsewo zimbale, nawo maenje zozungulira ndi kuchepetsa wachibale wina ndi mzake pa njira zina. Mwa kusinthasintha kwa kasinthasintha liwiro wagawo ndi mbali pakati m'maenje Lammert akhoza olekanitsidwa mamolekyulu munthu wa mtengo, omwe liwiro ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Koma zinachitikira Stern chinali chiyambi cha researches experimental m'munda wa chiphunzitso maselo-kayendedwe.

Mu 1920 woyamba khwekhwe experimental analengedwa kuti zatsopano za mtundu uwu. Mpheroyi awiri zonenepa, cholinga payekha payekha Stern. Mkati chipangizo anaikidwa pulatinamu woonda ndodo ndi ❖ kuyanika siliva, ndipo chamunthuyo Kutentha olamulira magetsi. zinthu zingalowe The zinalengedwa mwa wagawo ndi, mtengowo yopapatiza maatomu siliva unachitikira mwazisiya kotenga kudula kudula mwa pamwamba pa yamphamvu, ndipo anakakhala pa wapadera chophimba kunja. Kumene, makina likuyenda, ndipo pamene maatomu kufika nthawi pamwamba kutembenukira mwa njira zina. Mu njira iyi, Stern ndipo anatsimikiza liwiro m'gulu lawo.

Koma si zasayansi a Otto Stern. Chaka chotsatira, iye teamed ndi Walter Gerlach imachitika kuyesera, omwe anatsimikizira pamaso pa sapota wa maatomu ndi kutsimikizira mfundo za quantization awo okhudza malo. Stern-Gerlach kuyesera inalamula kukhazikitsidwa kwa wapadera khwekhwe experimental zamphamvu maginito okhazikika pa maziko ake. Mothandizidwa ndi maginito kwaiye lamphamvu chigawo particles pulayimale anapanduka lathu malinga awo maginito sapota mwini.