Chiphunzitso Maxwell ndi zochititsa

Tsopano pafupifupi aliyense amadziwa kuti minda magetsi ndi maginito amagwira zokhudzana ndi mzake. Ngakhale pali wapadera nthambi ya sayansi kuti amaphunzira zochitika mu atomu. Koma m'zaka za m'ma 19 mpaka icho anakonza ndi chiphunzitso Maxwell ndi atomu, chirichonse chinali chosiyana. Iwo ankaganiza, mwachitsanzo, kuti minda magetsi chibadidwe particles ndi matupi yekha, ndi kuti aziyang'anila magetsi, ndi katundu maginito - munda chosiyana wa sayansi.

Mu 1864, wotchuka British sayansi D. K. Maksvell anatchula malumikizanidwe mwachindunji zodabwitsa magetsi ndi maginito. Oyamba umatchedwa "Maxwell a mu atomu chiphunzitso kumunda." Zikomo kwa iye, anatha kuthetsa angapo Osamva mawu a electrodynamics nthawi imeneyo, mafunso.

Ambiri atulukira ncthito nthawi zonse zochokera ntchito ofufuza m'mbuyomu. Maxwell ndi chiphunzitso - yotero. Chinthu chapadera ndi Maxwell ali kwambiri kukodzedwa zotsatira akamagwira akalambula wake. Mwachitsanzo, iwo ananena kuti zimenezo Faraday angagwiritsidwe ntchito osati chatsekedwa kuzungulira zakuthupi ndi conductive, koma wopangidwa chuma chilichonse. Pankhaniyi dera ndi zimasonyeza munda solenoidal magetsi omwe amakhudza osati galasi latisi wa zitsulo. Ndi mfundo imeneyi pamene zinthu dielectric m'munda ndi zolondola koposa kulankhula za mafunde kugawanika. Iwo agwire ntchito, ndilo kutenthetsa chuma ndi kutentha zina.

Kukayikitsa loyamba kugwirizana magetsi ndi zochitika maginito anaonekera mu 1819. H. Oersted ananena kuti ngati panopa pafupi wochititsa pabwino kampasi, malangizo a muvi kumbali ku North Pole.

Mu 1824, A. Ampere anakonza lamulo la zimachitika pakati akuwauza, anadzatchedwa "chilamulo Ampere Mulungu."

Ndipo potsiriza, mu 1831, Faraday anapereka maonekedwe a masiku ano dera, amene ali pamtunda mu kusintha maginito.

chiphunzitso Maxwell ndi kuthetsa vuto lenileni la electrodynamics: yodziwika okhudza malo kufalitsa milandu magetsi (mafundewo) kudziwa makhalidwe ena a kwaiye mphamvu ya maginito ndi magetsi. Chiphunzitsochi saganizira okha njira zakuya za zochitika zikuchitika.

chiphunzitso Maxwell a chimakhudzana spaced kulipiritsa, monga mwa dongosolo la maikwezhoni imatengedwa kuti ankachita mu atomu zimachitika ndi kuwala kumayendera, kaya a sing'anga. Chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa chiphunzitso ndi mfundo imeneyi pa maziko ake chimakwirira minda amenewa ndiwo:

- kupanga mafunde ndi lalikulu ndi milandu, anagawira mu buku lalikulu (nthawi zambiri kukula kwa atomu kapena molekyulu);

- kusinthasintha mphamvu ya maginito ndi magetsi zosiyanasiyana mofulumira kuposa nthawi ya njira mkati mamolekyulu ndi;

- mtunda pakati pa mfundo Calculated danga ndi gwero la m'munda ndi wamkulu kuposa kukula kwa maatomu (mamolekyulu).

Zonsezi zikusonyeza kuti chiphunzitso Maxwell akuti kwenikweni kwa zochitika za macrocosm lapansi. sayansi amakono njira zambiri kufotokoza za chiphunzitso kwadzidzidzi. Mu mitunduyi Maxwell ndi mawonetseredwe kwadzidzidzi si kuwerengedwa. Komabe, ntchito dongosolo Maxwell wa maikwezhoni angathe kukumana ndi mavuto ena. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti kuyambira udzayesedwa kachulukidwe mafunde magetsi ndi milandu, ndi theoretically n'zotheka kukhala zawo, koma chikhalidwe maginito. Pa izi mu 1831 ndi Dirac, kutanthauza monopoles awo maginito. Ambiri, mfundo yaikulu ya chiphunzitso zotsatirazi:

- ndi maginito kwaiye minda alternating magetsi;

- alternating maginito amapanga minda magetsi vortical chikhalidwe.