Mfundo laser kanthu: mbali cheza laser

Mfundo yoyamba ya zochita za laser, amene zochokera sayansi ya malamulo cheza Planck, mu chiphunzitso, Einstein mu 1917 analungamitsidwa. Iye anafotokoza mayamwidwe, mowiriza ndi chidwi cheza mu atomu ntchito Mwina koefishienti (Einstein koefishienti).

trailblazers

Teodor Meyman anali woyamba kusonyeza mfundo kanthu kwa rube laser, zochokera ikukoka kuwala ntchito kung'anima nyale kupanga rube, amapanga ndi cheza coherent ndi timaganiza za 694 nm.

Mu 1960, aku Iran asayansi Yavani ndi Bennett analenga lasers mpweya choyamba ntchito zosakaniza Iye ndi Nehemiya mpweya mu chiŵerengero cha 1:10.

Mu 1962, R. N. Hall akupanga woyamba diode laser zopangidwa gallium arsenide (GaAs), emitting pa timaganiza za 850 nm. Chaka chomwecho, Nick Golonyak njira yoyamba michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi kwadzidzidzi jenereta kuwala kuwoneka.

The chipangizo ndi mfundo za lasers

Aliyense dongosolo laser kumaphatikizapo sing'anga yogwira optically adaika Pakati awiri kalirole kufanana ndi wolemekezeka mozama mmodzi amene ali translucent, ndi gwero mphamvu ikukoka izo. Monga phindu sing'anga akhoza kuchita monga olimba, madzi kapena mpweya, amene angathe azimveka matalikidwe a yoweyula kuwala kudutsa izo internally ndi cheza magetsi kapena kuwala ikukoka. thunthu aikidwa pakati awiri kalirole kotero kuti kuunika osonyezedwa pa iwo nthawi iliyonse umadutsa ndi m'mene anafika kuwonjezeka kwambiri, likulowerera theka galasi.

chilengedwe duplex

Taganizirani mfundo za laser kanthu ndi sing'anga yogwira amene maatomu ndi milingo mphamvu ziwiri zokha: E okondwa E ₂ ndi tsinde _1. Ngati maatomu kudzera njira iliyonse ikukoka (kuwala, magetsi kumaliseche panopa kapena transmittance elekitironi bombardment) ali okondwa boma E _2, mu nanoseconds ochepa iwo abwerere pa udindo zazikulu, yochokera photons mphamvu hν = E ₂ - E _1. Malingana ndi chiphunzitso Einstein, ndi umuna wa amapangidwa m'njira ziwiri zosiyana: mwina ndi anachititsa ndi fotoni, kapena kumachitika zokha. Pankhani zakale, analimbikitsa umuna kumachitika ndi wachiwiri - lachibadwa. Pa matenthedwe mgwirizano, Mwina umuna analimbikitsa kwambiri m'munsi kuposa mowiriza (1:10 ^33), kotero kuti ambiri ochiritsira incoherent kuwala kochokera, ndi lasing n'zotheka zinthu zina kuposa matenthedwe mgwirizano.

Ngakhale ndi machitidwe amphamvu kwambiri ikukoka anthu mlingo zitha kukhala ofanana. Choncho, kukwaniritsa anthu inversion kapena zina njira kuwala ikukoka amafuna dongosolo three- kapena anayi mlingo.

dongosolo Mipikisano mlingo

ndi mfundo ya laser atatu mlingo chiyani? The walitsa kuwala lochita pafupipafupi ν ₀₂ mapampu mmwamba ambiri maatomu kuchokera ku chotsikitsitsa mphamvu mlingo E ₀ ndipo E ₂ chapamwamba. Radiationless kusintha ndi maatomu E ₂ E ₁ amakhazikitsa inversion anthu pakati E ₁ ndi E _0, zomwe kuchita zimatheka pamene maatomu ndi nthawi yaitali mu metastable boma E _1, ndi kusintha kwa E ₁ E ₂ amapezeka mofulumira. The opaleshoni mfundo za laser atatu mlingo ndi zinthu izi, kotero kuti pakati E ₀ ndipo E _1, anthu inversion zimatheka ndipo nakweza fotoni mphamvu E ₁ -E ₀ analimbikitsa umuna. Onse mlingo E ₂ kuwonjezera mayamwidwe timaganiza osiyanasiyana kuti efficiently kutulutsa, chifukwa mu kukula kwa umuna analimbikitsa.

Atatu mlingo dongosolo amafuna kwambiri mphamvu ikukoka kuyambira mlingo m'munsi, zimakhudzidwa m'badwo, ndi maziko. Pankhaniyi, kuti inversion anthu anauza boma E ₁ kupopa oposa theka la chiwerengero cha maatomu. Pankhaniyi, mphamvu ndi yayitali. Mpope mphamvu akhoza achepetsa ngati mlingo m'munsi lasing si m'munsi, chimene chimafuna osachepera dongosolo zinayi mlingo.

Malinga wa chinthu yogwira, ndi lasers anawagawira m'magulu atatu, ndicho olimba, madzi ndi mpweya. Popeza 1958, pamene m'badwo woyamba unkachitika mu rube Krustalo, asayansi ndi ochita kafukufuku afufuza osiyanasiyana zipangizo aliyense gulu.

olimba boma laser

ntchito zachokera pa ntchito ya sing'anga yogwira amene anapanga powonjezera ndi chimateteza galasi latisi kusintha zitsulo (Ti ^+3, Kr ^+3, V ^+2, Co ^+2, Ni ^+2, Fe ^+2, ndi zina zotero. D.) , ayoni lapansi osowa (CE ^+3, kulima ^+3, na- ^+3, masana ^+3, SM ^+2, kumtsinje ^{+ 2, + 3,} TB ^+3, Dy ^+3, Ho ^+3, Er ^+3, Yb ⁺³ , neri Al.), ndi actinides monga U ^+3. zimatiyika mphamvu ya ayoni ntchito kwa m'badwo. thupi katundu zakuthupi m'munsi, monga madutsidwe matenthedwe ndi kuwonjezeka matenthedwe ndi zofunika ntchito nchito ya laser lapansi. Location latisi maatomu kuzungulira ion doped amasintha milingo yake mphamvu. zotalika osiyana a mbadwo yoweyula mu sing'anga yogwira ali zimatheka ndi doping zipangizo zosiyanasiyana mu ion chomwecho.

laser Holmium

Chitsanzo cha laser olimba boma ndi kwadzidzidzi jenereta, mmene holmium atomu m'malo m'munsi zinthu kophimba krustalo. Ho: YAG ndi imodzi mwa zipangizo zabwino lasing. The opaleshoni mfundo za holmium laser ndi garnet yttrium zotayidwa doped ndi ayoni holmium, optically amawapopa ndi kung'anima nyale ndipo limatulutsa pa timaganiza za 2097 nm mu osiyanasiyana infuraredi bwino chosakanikirana ndi zimakhala ndi. Gwiritsani laser izi kwa ntchito pa malo, chithandizo mano, kuti vaporize maselo a khansa, impso ndi gallstones.

A jenereta michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi kwadzidzidzi

Kwadzidzidzi bwino lasers yotchipa, kulola kuŵeta ndipo mosavuta scalable. Mfundo zikugwira ntchito ya pa michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi laser zochokera ntchito pn-diode yakumapeto, umene umabala kuwala kwa timaganiza zina mwa recombination ya nthandala pa kukondera zabwino, ngati LEDs. Anatsogolera zimatulutsa zokha ndi diodes laser - compulsively. Kukwaniritsa chikhalidwe anthu inversion, ndi opaleshoni panopa ayenera upambana ndi pakhomo. Sing'anga kugwira ntchito michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi diode ali ndi maganizo mgwirizano wa dera zigawo ziwiri ooneka enieni.

Mfundo ntchito mtundu wa laser ndi kukhalabe oscillations kalilole kunja chofunika. The luso Kuganizira analenga chifukwa kwa refractive index zigawo ndi kusinkhasinkha mkati sing'anga ntchito, ndi chokwanira kwa cholinga ichi. Mapeto pamalo adzaphatikizana diodes amene amapereka kufanana kuwalitsa pamalo.

Pawiri anapanga ndi michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi zinthu yofanana amatchedwa homojunction, monga anakhazikitsa polumikiza awiri osiyana - heterojunction.

Semiconductors a tsa ndi N mtundu ndi osalimba mkulu wa onyamula kupanga tsa-n-ziwirizi ndi woonda kwambiri (≈1 mm) zatha wosanjikiza.

gasi laser

Mfundo ntchito ndi ntchito za mtundu wa laser limachititsa kulenga zipangizo mphamvu chilichonse (ku milliwatts kuti megawatts) ndi adziwana dzulo (kuchokera ultraviolet kuti infuraredi) ndipo umagwira ntchito pulsed ndi mosalekeza modes. Potengera chikhalidwe cha ofalitsa nkhani yogwira, pali mitundu itatu ya lasers gasi, ndicho atomiki, amaayoni ndi maselo.

lasers mpweya kwambiri amawapopa ndi nthendayo magetsi. The ma elekitironi mu kumaliseche chubu ali inapita patsogolo ndi munda magetsi pakati maelekitirodi lapansi. Adzawombana ndi maatomu, ayoni kapena mamolekyulu a sing'anga yogwira ndi kupangira kusintha kuchepetsa apamwamba mphamvu kukwaniritsa mkhalidwe inversion anthu ndi umuna analimbikitsa.

laser maselo

Mfundo laser kanthu zochokera chakuti, mosiyana ndi ma atomu wakutali ayoni mu lasers atomiki ndi ion mamolekyulu adzalandira magulu yotakata mphamvu ya milingo mphamvu apawokha. Komanso, aliyense mlingo elekitironi mphamvu ali ambiri milingo vibrational, ndipo iwo nawonso - ochepa rotational.

Mphamvu pakati pa milingo mphamvu elekitironi ndi mu UV ndi zooneka zigawo sipekitiramu, pamene pakati pa milingo vibrational-rotational - mu zigawo kutali ndi pafupi infuraredi. Choncho, ambiri a lasers ndi maselo ntchito mu madera akutali kapena pafupi-infuraredi.

excimer lasers

Excimers wotere molekyulu monga ArF, KrF, XeCl, amene anagawa pansi khola boma ndi mlingo woyamba. Mfundo ntchito kwa laser lotsatira. Childs, chiwerengero mu boma nthaka ya mamolekyulu ndi ang'ono, ndi ikukoka mwachindunji ndi boma pansi sizingatheke. Mamolekyulu anapanga koyamba boma okondwa pakompyuta ndi pawiri kukhala halides mkulu mphamvu ndi mpweya inert. Chiwerengero inversion zimatheka mosavuta chifukwa chiwerengero cha mamolekyulu pa mlingo mfundo ndi otsika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi okondwa. Mfundo laser kanthu Mwachidule, ndi kusintha kuchokera womangidwa boma okondwa kompyuta malo boma dissociative. Chiwerengero cha boma pansi nthawi zonse pa mlingo wochepa, chifukwa pa nthawi imeneyi, molekyulu dissociate mu maatomu.

The zida ndi lasers mfundo tichipeza mu kuti kumaliseche chubu ladzala ndi osakaniza halide (F ₂₎ ndi mpweya osowa (Ari). The ma elekitironi mmenemo dissociate ndi ionize mamolekyulu halide ndi kulenga ayoni negative. Zabwino ayoni Ari ⁺ ndi zoipa F ^- anatani ndi kutulutsa mamolekyulu ArF choyamba boma okondwa kugwirizana ndi kusintha wotsatira m'munsi boma lonyansa ndipo m'badwo wa poizoni coherent. laser Excimer, mfundo ya kanthu ndi ntchito ano kuona akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ikukoka sing'anga yogwira utoto.

laser madzi

Poyerekeza ndi zolimba, zakumwa zambiri homogeneous ndipo ali osalimba apamwamba maatomu yogwira ntchito, poyerekeza ndi mpweya. Komanso, iwo si zovuta kukonza, amalola mosavuta kutentha madyaidya ndikuledzera mosavuta m'malo. Mfundo zimene laser ntchito monga phindu sing'anga utoto organic, monga DCM (4-dicyanomethylene-2-methyl-6-p- dimethylaminostyryl-4H-pyran), rhodamine, styryl, LDS, coumarin, stilbene, ndi zina zotero. D ., kusungunuka mu zosungunulira yoyenera. A njira ya mamolekyulu utoto ndi wosangalala ndi cheza amene timaganiza ali wabwino mayamwidwe koyefishienti. Mfundo laser kanthu Mwachidule, ndi kupanga pa timaganiza yaitali, wotchedwa kuwala. Kusiyana mphamvu chosakanikirana ndi panamveka photons ntchito nonradiative kusintha mphamvu ndi likamatenthetsa dongosolo.

Timapangira gulu kuwala madzi lasers ali woposa - timaganiza ikukonzekera. Mfundo ntchito ndi ntchito za mtundu ngati laser tunable ndi coherent kuwala gwero, wayamba zofunika kwambiri mu kafukufuku wazamawalidwe, holography, ndi mafomu Biomedical.

Posachedwapa, lasers akhala utoto kwa isotope kulekana. Mu nkhani iyi, laser kusankha chimwemwe mmodzi wa iwo, chimatipangitsa kuyamba mankhwala anachita.