Kodi X-ray kuwala kusanthula?

XRD (X-ray kuwala kusanthula) - Njira ya kusanthula thupi, kumene molunjika Mzimuyo pafupifupi onse zinthu mankhwala ufa, madzi ndi zipangizo olimba.

njira ya ntchito

Njira imeneyi ndi chilengedwe, chifukwa zimachokera kusala kudya, zosavuta chitsanzo kukonzekera. Muli njira ankagwiritsa ntchito mu makampani ndi kafukufuku. X-ray kuwala kusanthula njira ali ndi mwayi kwambiri, lipindulitsa pa kusanthula zovuta za zinthu zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe, komanso pa ulamuliro khalidwe linanena bungwe ndi kusanthula mankhwala anamaliza ndi zipangizo.

nkhani

X-ray kusanthula kuwala anafotokozedwa koyamba mu 1928 asayansi awiri - Glocker ndi Schreiber. The chipangizo chamagetsi wokha sukhalira adzaika yekha mu 1948, asayansi Friedman ndi Burkes. Monga chowunikira, ali ndi Geiger kauntala, amene anasonyeza mkulu tilinazo ndi ulemu kwa chiwerengero atomiki la zinthu pachimake.

Helium kapena malo zingalowe m'malo mwa njira kafukufuku ntchito mu 1960. Ife tinkakonda iwo kudziwa zinthu kuwala. Komanso anayamba ntchito timibulu lifiyamu fluoride. Ife anagwiritsa ntchito mapindidwe akuwala. Rhodium ndi chromium chubu ankagwiritsa ntchito pa malemeredwe waveband.

Si (Li) - lifiyamu chowunikira kulowerera pakachitsulo kupangidwa mu 1970. Imakhala ndi kulingalira mkulu wa deta ndi sikutanthauza ntchito nkhungu. Komabe, chigamulocho mphamvu ya wagawo ichi kunali kopitirira muyezo.

Makina mawunikidwe gawo ndi kulamulira ndondomeko zapita galimoto ndi kubwera kwa makompyuta. Management anachita gawo pa chipangizo kapena kompyuta kiyibodi. Zipangizo kusanthula anapeza kotero ambiri otchuka kuti iwo m'gulu ntchito "Apollo 15" ndi "Apollo 16".

Pa nthawi, okwerera danga ndi zombo anapezerapo malo, okonzeka ndi zipangizo izi. Izi zimathandiza kudziwa ndi kutanthauzira mipweya ya miyala za mumlengalenga ena.

Akamanena za njira

SUMMARY XRF kusanthula ndi kuchita kusanthula thupi. Yosanthula mwanjira imeneyi kungakhale monga okhwima matupi (galasi, chitsulo, ziwiya zadothi, malasha, thanthwe, pulasitiki) ndi madzi (mafuta, mafuta, njira, utoto, vinyo ndi magazi). njira amalola kudziwa woipa kwambiri, pa msinkhu wa ppm (gawo limodzi pa miliyoni). Large, mpaka 100% ya chitsanzo, komanso zingawathandize kafukufuku.

kusanthula izi ndi zolimba, otetezeka ndipo sanali kuwononga chilengedwe. Iwo ali reproducibility mkulu ndi lolondola deta. njira walola theka-quantitatively, qualitatively ndi quantitatively kudziwa zinthu zonse ziri chitsanzo.

Mfundo yaikulu ya X-ray kuwala kusanthula njira ndi osavuta kumva. Ngati ife kusiya pambali terminology ndi kufotokoza njira n'chiti, likukhalira. kusanthula imene ikuchitika pa maziko a fanizo cheza, amene analandira ndi walitsa wa maatomu.

Pali mndandanda wa muyezo deta kuti adziwika kale. Poyerekeza zotsatira deta ndi awa ofufuza anapeza kuti gawo la chitsanzo.

Kuphweka ndi kugula zipangizo zamakono amakulolani ntchito pa mawu osiyanasiyana m'madzi, danga, maphunziro osiyana m'munda wa chikhalidwe ndi luso.

Mfundo ntchito

njira zachokera Kupenda sipekitiramu amene analandira malinga ndi chuma ndi akuwerengedwa mosamala, X-ray.

Pa walitsa atomu amakhala boma okondwa, amene anatsagana ndi kulanda ma elekitironi ku misinkhu kwadzidzidzi dongosolo apamwamba. Mmenemonso, atomu ndi nthawi yochepa kwambiri, pafupi microsecond 1, kenako amabwerera kunthaka boma (chete malo) ake. Panthawi imeneyi, ma elekitironi pa zipolopolo lakunja, wodzazidwa kapena malo wopanda kanthu, ndipo mphamvu owonjezera opangidwa mu mawonekedwe a photons kapena zina mphamvu opatsirana ma elekitironi, ili zipolopolo lakunja (otchedwa Auger ma elekitironi). Pa nthawi imeneyi aliyense atomu akumasula ndi photoelectron mphamvu amene ali mtengo kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, chitsulo pa walitsa ndi X-ray limatulutsa photons ofanana Ka kapena 6.4 keV. Choncho, chiwerengero cha quanta mphamvu ndi Tingaone pa kapangidwe ka zinthu.

cheza gwero

X-ray kuwala kusanthula njira za zitsulo monga gwero kwa kuchiritsa ntchito monga isotopes a zinthu zosiyana, ndi machubu X-ray. M'mayiko onsewa amafuna zosiyanasiyana pofuna kuchotsa inatha isotopes emitting, motero, m'mafakitale zida zimenezi moti amasankha kugwiritsa x-ray chubu.

machubu amenewa ali onse mkuwa, siliva, rhodium, molybdenum kapena anode ena. Nthawi zina, anode ndi amusankha malingana ntchitoyo.

Current ndi voteji kwa zinthu zosiyana ntchito zosiyana. zinthu kuwala ndi okwanira kufufuza voteji 10kV, katundu - 40-50 kW, sing'anga - 20-30 kV.

Pa kuphunzira zinthu kuwala amadza yaikulu sipekitiramu ali ndi mpweya ozungulira. Kuchepetsa ichi chitsanzo zotsatira mu chipinda chapadera aikidwa mu danga zingalowe kapena ladzala ndi helium. Okondwa osiyanasiyana akaundula chipangizo wapadera - chowunikira. Mmene mkulu kawalidwe Maganizo a chowunikira amadalira yolondola kulekana kwa photons wa zinthu zosiyana Chrixitu. ndi amene chigamulocho yolondola kwambiri pa 123 EV. X-ray kuwala kusanthula chida, osiyanasiyana izi akunyamula 100%.

Kamodzi lidzasinthidwa zimachitika photoelectron voteji amene anayesedwa wapadera ochuluka zamagetsi, imafalikira kuti kompyuta. Ndi nsonga mu sipekitiramu, amene anapereka X-ray kuwala kusanthula zosavuta qualitatively kudziwa zinthu adya LB kuphunzira chitsanzo. Pofuna molondola kudziwa zili kachulukidwe, muyenera kuphunzira sipekitiramu analandira mu msonkhano wapadera wa calibration. pulogalamu analenga pasadakhale. Chifukwa chaichi, zitsanzo mayeso, zikuchokera amene amadziwika pasadakhale molondola mkulu.

Kunena mwachidule, chifukwa sipekitiramu wa chinthu mayeso akuwafanizira ndi maziko amadziwika. Kuti alandire mauthenga pa zikuchokera thunthu.

mipata

X-ray kuwala kusanthula njira amalola kusanthula:

• zitsanzo, kukula kapena misa negligible (100-0,5 mg);
• malire waukulu kuchepetsa (1-2 malamulo a ukulu poyerekeza RFA);
• Khadili kutenga nkhani yofanana ndi mphamvu quanta.

Chitsanzo makulidwe, amene pansi zofufuza, sayenera oposa 1 mm.

Pankhani ya nyemba kukula akhoza kuletsedwa njira yachiwiri mu chitsanzo, kuphatikizapo:

• angapo Compton kubalalika, yomwe imapanga chimafikira kuwala mastritsah pachimake;
• bremsstrahlung wa photoelectrons (kumathandiza kuti yachonde anachokera);
• malemeredwe pakati pa mphepo, ndi kuwala mayamwidwe, chimene chimafuna interelement kudzudzulidwa makulidwe pa processing.

The kuipa

Mmodzi wa kuipa lalikulu - zovuta, amene anatsagana ndi yokonza zitsanzo woonda, komanso amafuna okhwima kwa kapangidwe ka zinthu. Pakuti chitsanzo kafukufuku ayenera kukhala abwino kwambiri tinthu kukula ndi mkulu pachilichonse.

drawback wina ndi njira kwambiri womangidwa kwa miyezo (Buku zitsanzo). Mbali imeneyi si zachilendo njira onse amene sanali zowononga.

njira ntchito

X-ray kuwala kusanthula chimagwiritsidwa ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Izo ntchito osati sayansi, kapena kuntchito, komanso m'munda wa chikhalidwe ndi luso.

Ndi ntchito:

• Chitetezo cha chilengedwe ndi zachilengedwe m'nthaka kudziwa zitsulo zolemera, komanso kudziwa m'madzi, matope, aerosols osiyana;
• Mineralogy ndi nthaka ikuchitika kusanthula kachulukidwe ndi Mkhalidwe mchere, dothi, miyala;
• makampani mankhwala ndi zitsulo - kulamulira khalidwe la zipangizo yaiwisi, mankhwala atha ndipo ndondomeko kupanga;
• Kujambula Makampani - kusanthula utoto kutsogolera;
• zodzikongoletsera makampani - kuyeza ndende zitsulo wapatali;
• mafuta makampani - kudziwa mlingo wa kuipitsidwa mafuta ndi mafuta;
• chakudya makampani - anatsimikiza zitsulo poizoni chakudya ndi chakudya zosakaniza;
• ulimi - yosanthula kufufuza zinthu mu dothi osiyana, komanso ulimi;
• Archaeology - kuchititsa kusanthula elemental, komanso chibwenzi cha anapeza;
• art - ankachititsa phunziro ziboliboli, zojambula, kuchititsa Kupenda zinthu ndi kusanthula awo.

Gostovskaya kuthetsa

X-ray kuwala kusanthula GOST 28033 - 89 amazilamulira kuyambira 1989. Chikalatachi sizinatchulidwe mafunso onse zokhudza ndondomeko. Ngakhale kuti pa zaka pakhala njira zambiri kwa kusintha njira, chikalata akadali zogwirizana.

Malinga GOST kugwirizananso zipangizo kuphunzira gawo. deta anasonyeza tebulo.

Table 1. alionse m'dzikoli pali wa tuzigawo twa misa

item anasankha	Misa nusu,%
sulfure	Kuyambira 0,002 kuti 0,20
pakachitsulo	"0,05" 5.0
molybdenum	"0,05" 10,0
Titan	"0.01" 5.0
cobalt	"0,05" 20,0
chrome	"0,05" 35,0
niobium	"0.01" 2.0
manganese	"0,05" 20,0
vanadium	"0.01" 5.0
tungsten	"0,05" 20,0
phosphorous	"0,002" 0,20

Zipangizo ntchito

X-ray kusanthula kuwala kawalidwe imagwiridwa ntchito yapadera zida, njira ndi njira. Mwa njira ndi zipangizo ntchito mu GOST kutchulidwa:

• spectrometers multichannel ndi Zitsulo zofufuzira zidazo;
• Akhakula-sanding makina (akupera-akupera, 3B634 mtundu);
• Pamwamba akupera makina (chitsanzo 3E711V);
• wononga yodula lathe (chitsanzo 16P16).
• kudula zimbale (GOST 21963);
• elektrokorundovye mawilo abrasive (50 grit ceramic mitsempha, kuuma St2, GOST 2424);
• Akupera khungu (pepala, Mtundu 2, SB 140 kalasi (P6), ndi SB-240 (P8), BSH200 (P7), zinaphatikizidwa - yachibadwa, grainy 50-12, GOST 6456);
• Luso ethyl mowa (kudzatha, GOST 18300);
• argon-dziko kusakaniza.

Alendo amaloledwa, akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo ndi zipangizo zomwe zingatipatse Khadili zolondola.

Kukonzekera ndi kusankha zitsanzo malinga GOST

X-ray kuwala kusanthula zitsulo isanafike kuyezetsa kumafuna kukonzekera mwapadera zitsanzo kwa atafufuza.

Maphunziro ikuchitika mnjira yoyenerera:

1. Kali kuti irradiated, mukhale. Ngati pali kufunika, ndiye kuwapukuta ndi mowa.
2. magaziwo mwamphamvu unkagunda wolandirayo kutsegula. Ngati pamwamba pa chitsanzo sikokwanira, ndi zopinga wapadera ntchito.
3. The spectrometer ndi wokonzeka ntchito mogwirizana ndi malangizo ntchito.
4. X-ray spectrometer ndi calibrated ntchito chitsanzo muyezo womwe ndi GOST 8,315. Komanso calibration akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo chogwirizana.
5. kuwunikira chachikulu ikuchitika nthawi zosachepera zisanu. Pambuyo pa zimenezi pa ntchito ya spectrometer pa masiku osiyana.
6. Pochititsa calibrations mobwerezabwereza zotheka kugwiritsa ntchito miyeso iwiri calibration.

Analysis wa zotsatira ndi kulipira

XRF Njira malinga GOST kumafuna angapo kuphedwa yomweyi miyezo iwiri kupeza analytic chizindikiro aliyense mchitidwe pansi ulamuliro.

Iwo amaloledwa kugwiritsa ntchito mawu a zotsatira mawunikidwe ndi kusiyana kwa miyezo yomweyi. The lonse mayunitsi ndi kufotokoza deta analandira ntchito makhalidwe gradirovochnyh.

Ngati kusiyana kuposa kololeka imodzi muyeso, m'pofunika kubwereza kuwunika.

N'zothekanso kuchita muyeso wa. Pankhaniyi, zikufanana awiri miyeso wachibale chitsanzo cha mtanda ndi kusanthula kale.

The chifukwa yomaliza amawaona kuti zikutanthauza masamu ya miyeso iwiri anachita mu kufanana, kapena muyeso umodzi wokha chifukwa.

Kudalira zotsatira kuchokera khalidwe chitsanzo

Pakuti rentgenfluorestsentnogo kusanthula malire si za zinthu zimene dongosolo amafotokozera ali wapezeka. Pakuti zinthu zosiyana amalemba kachulukidwe kudziwika zinthu zosiyanasiyana.

A udindo waukulu akhoza kuimba nambala atomiki, ndilo amafotokozera. Ceteris paribus kovuta kudziwa zinthu kuwala ndi katundu - mosavuta. Komanso, chinthu chomwecho ndi sizovuta kudziwa mu masanjidwewo kuwala, osati kwambiri.

Choncho, njira zimatengera mtundu wa nyemba yokhayo moti amafotokozera anyamula mu kapangidwe kake.