Lerner Index. Zimayambitsa ndi zotsatira za monopolization a msika

Ngakhale miyezo zachuma ndi malamulo boma la maiko osiyanasiyana kuthana ndi okhawo a, zodabwitsazi ndi zachilendo. The okhawo mphamvu ya makampani munthu n'loopsa yaikulu pa vuto la zachuma.

Okhawo ndi magwero ake

Pansi okhawo kumvetsa msika ulamuliro wa Mlengi m'modzi (implementer), kapena gulu ophatikizana a nkhani (cartels).

Magwero waukulu okhawo:

1. Zotanuka akumufuna. Chinthu ichi, nayenso anatsimikiza mtima pamaso pa msika mankhwala ofanana, liwiro Poyankha wogulayo mtengo kusintha, tanthauzo la chuma ogula, msika machulukitsidwe, zosiyanasiyana mphamvu zinchito za katundu ndi milingo yoyenera ogula ndalama.
2. msika ndende. Kodi 2-3 makampani kuphimba 80-90% ya anthu ogula okhawo amapezeka mofulumira kuposa m'misika mpikisano.
3. Cooperation pakati makampani awiri. Kumachita cohesively, ogulitsa kapena alimi ndi mphamvu zochuluka.

Zotsatira za okhawo

Company ndi mphamvu okhawo mwadala zimasokoneza kuchuluka kwa linanena bungwe la katundu ndi kuyika kukwera mtengo. Iye alibe chingatilimbikitse kuti ndalama kupanga kuchepetsa. Komanso, kampani kumachititsa zina ndalama kuti ukhale wolimba udindo wake.

Okhawo mu msika zimabweretsa zotsatira amenewa:

• chuma ntchito inefficiently;
• Society wosalandira katundu zoyenerazi;
• Palibe chingalimbikitse chitukuko ndi oyamba umisiri watsopano;
• kukwera mtengo kupanga.

Chifukwa cha kupanga Kodi sangafikire pazipita zotheka dzuwa.

mtengo okhawo

Chifukwa cha mawonetseredwe yekha wa okhawo lamulo okhawo mitengo.

Pansi okhawo kumvetsa mtengo kwambiri divergent kuchokera pa zawo, amene akanakhoza kutenga malo mu malo mpikisano. M'mikhalidwe zachilendo, mtengo aumbike chifukwa cha chiŵerengero wa kufunika wa ogula ndi kupereka msika. Mu zikhalidwe za mtengo okhawo wayikidwa lalikulu nkhani pa mlingo umene udzaonetsetse iye phindu owonjezera ndi kuphimba ndalama owonjezera.

mtengo okhawo akhoza kukambapo kapena kuderera tanthauzo lake. mtengo mpweya ndi zotsatira za ulamuliro wa mwini sitolo lalikulu. Koma ngati msika chimakhala chogwidwa ndi wogula lalikulu ambiri ogulitsa, izo adzatengera understate mtengo mmene ndingathere.

Lerner index monga chizindikiro cha monopolization

Mlingo wa okhawo mphamvu ndi ndende msika chimaonekera ndi ulamuliro wa chala, ndi index ndi zosonyezera Lerner Garfindelya-Hirschman.

Lerner Chinthu anali akufuna mu 1934. Iwo ali amodzi mwa njira oyambirira kuti tipeze mlingo wa monopolization ndi kuwerengetsa ndi zomvetsa anapalamula kampani chifukwa okhawo a. Kukhala osavuta komanso mwachilengedwe, chithunzi ichi bwino amadziwika zotsatira za monopolization. Lero ntchito ndi chuma pa dziko lonse lapansi potaya umoyo wa anthu.

Ngati katundu amapangidwa ndi wogulitsidwa monopolization ndi mtengo wake nthawi zonse adzakhala kuposa ndalama mmphepete. Lerner Index chifukwa cha kugawa mtengo ukonde mmphepete mtengo mitengo. The zambiri mtengo isiyana mtengo, m'pamenenso mtengo wa index amatenga.

Yowerengera ndi kutanthauzira kwa Lerner index

Lerner Index kuchita masamu motere:

• _{Ine L = (P - MC)} / P = - 1 / imelo _d.

P - ndi malipiro okhawo, ndi MC - mtengo mmphepete.

mpikisano wangwiro zikutanthauza kuti kampani sangathe zimakhudza mlingo mtengo. Price ndi pa mlingo ofanana ndi mtengo mmphepete (P MS), motero:

• P - MC = 0;
• _{Ine L = (P - MC)} / P = 0 / P = 0.

ukuwonjezeka mtengo uliwonse wachibale ndalama m'mbali limasonyeza kuti kampani ali ndi mphamvu zina. The pazipita zotheka mtengo wa index ndi 1, ndi kumasonyeza wa okhawo mtheradi.

Lerner index tingasonyezere njira ina - pogwiritsa ntchito koyefishienti wa elasticity :

• (P - MC) / P = -1 / E D;
• Ine _L = -1 / imelo _d.

Index E _D amadziwika ndi elasticity wa kufunika mankhwala kampani mawu a mitengo. Mwachitsanzo, ngati E = -5, ndiye ine _L = 0,2.

The mkulu mlingo wa monopolisation sikuti zikutanthauza kuti kampani wolandira phindu. Iye lizikhala pa ntchito yokonza yonena awo monga ndalama zambiri kuti phindu onse movutikira chifukwa cha ukuwonjezeka mtengo, ndi angaimbidwenso.

Kuwonekera kwa okhawo mu Russia

Pa nthawi kusintha, ndi 90 ntchentche. chuma Russian wakhala yodziwika ndi ndende mkulu mu gawo kupanga. msika kunalamulidwa ndi mabungwe wapamwamba-lalikulu, kusankha nawo ntchito zochepa kwambiri. Business bwino kwambiri amadalira amapereka mphamvu. Magwiridwe zizindikiro makampani anali kugwa kupanga mabuku anapita, ndondomeko ndi mu mkhalidwe stagnation.

Mu 1992, pambuyo liberalization wa osewera chachikulu msika wakhala kuphangira dera ndi m'makalata. Mafunso zokhudza ndalama wa makampani akuluakulu zimatheka ndi bwenzi yaing'ono, chifukwa cha zimene zinachitika pa zazikulu mlingo imbalances vuto.

Monopolists mosatengera ogula mpweya mitengo ndi kulandira ndalama zina. boma analibe levers chokwanira cha chikoka pa mlingo mtengo amphamvu. malamulo anali bwinobwino boma mabungwe - ofooka kwambiri. Masuku pamutu zimenezi, monopolists nthambi zosiyanasiyana mobisa ogwirizana cartels. Panali cartels pakati ogula ndi ogulitsa, komanso osokonezeka.

Mkubwela kwa zaka za m'ma watsopano, zinthu zasintha pang'ono. Pafupifupi onse a okhawo kupangidwa mu '90s, kupitiriza ntchito. Yokhala siyana ena mafakitale unachitikira, koma mitengo kotulukira mpweya ndi magetsi zikusonyeza kuti kuphangira akadali amphamvu. Disproportion, kwaiye ndi mphamvu ya osewera zikuluzikulu msika, ndi limodzi mwa zimayambitsa mavuto 2008-2009 gg.