Wolemba Olga Y. Kobylyanskaya: biography, chilengedwe ndi mfundo zochititsa chidwi

Olga Yulianovna Kobylianska (1863-1942) ndi wolemba Chiyukireniya, wodziwika bwino yemwe anadzipereka moyo wake ku kulimbikira kulingana kwa akazi ndi amuna; Msonkhano wa Writers 'Union wa USSR.

Ubwana ku Gura-Gumora ndi ku Suceava

Olga Kobylianska (anabadwa m'chaka cha 1863-1942) anabadwa pa November 27 mumzinda wa Gura-Gumora m'mapiri a Carpathian (omwe tsopano ndi mzinda wa Romania) ndipo anakhala moyo wautali ndi zaka makumi asanu ndi atatu. Olga anakhala ndi ubwana wake ndi abale ndi alongo ake, omwe ankakonda kwambiri (anabadwa mwana wachinayi m'banja). Moyo wake unayamba ku Gura-Gumora, ndipo kenako, pempho la atate wake mwamsanga, banja lawo linasamutsira mumzinda wa Suceava, kumene wolemba ndakatulo wa ku Ukraine dzina lake Nikolai Ustiyanovich ankakhala pafupi ndi banja la Kobyliansky. Posakhalitsa mlembi wamtsogolo akupeza mumzinda watsopano bwenzi latsopano - dzina lake ndi mnansi wake, mwana wamkazi Ustiyanovicha Olga. Mumzinda womwewo, Yulian Kobyliansky, wofunika kwambiri ku maphunziro a ana ake, adapatsa ana ake ku sukulu yaing'ono. Pamodzi ndi achikulire achikulire, Olga adayamba kugwiritsa ntchito njira yophunzitsira pang'onopang'ono.

Ubwana ku Kimmlong

Pambuyo pa Suceava, a Kobyliansky anasamukira ku Mzinda wa Garden, koma sanakhaleko - bambo wa banja adagonjetsedwa, dokotalayo adaganiza kuti wodwalayo akungofuna mpweya watsopano wamapiri kuti achiritse. Pafupi ndi bambo ake anali Olga Kobylianska. Mbiri ya mlembi wamtsogolo akupita ku tawuni ya Kimlong komwe adakakamizika kusuntha banja lonse mu 1869, ndipo adzalandire moyo zaka khumi ndi zinayi. Ndiko komwe mtsikana wazaka zinayi amatha sukulu yaing'ono ya ku Germany. Poyamba, kuphunzitsa kunali kovuta, chifukwa chi German chinali chinenero chatsopano cha Olga, koma palibe chomwe chikanakhoza kuchitidwa - ku South Bukovina m'zaka zimenezo, Chijeremani chinali chilankhulo chovomerezeka, chifukwa pulogalamu ya maphunziro m'masukulu ambiri ankachitidwa.

Banja

Ponena za olemba ena akhoza kunena zambiri, pogwiritsa ntchito magwero osiyanasiyana, ndipo wolembayu ali ndi mfundo yosangalatsa kuchokera ku biography. Olga Kobylianska anali mmodzi wa ana asanu ndi awiri m'banja lake. Masiku ano n'zovuta kulingalira momwe khama linatengera kuti mwana aliyense adzike ngati munthu woyenera. Makolo a mlembi wam'tsogolo, ndithudi, kuyambira pachiyambi sizinali zophweka, makamaka kufunika kuzindikira chovuta chowopsya cha Julian Kobylyansky, amene adakali mwana adakali mwana. Bambo ake a Olga, ngakhale kuti zinali zovuta, anayesetsa kuti aphunzire yekha, akum'patsa maphunziro omwe anapatsa anansi ake ndalama. Chifukwa cha khama lake, posakhalitsa Kobylyansky adasankhidwa kukhala makontrakitala, kenako adalimbikitsidwa - adasankhidwa kukhala mandator. Komabe, chikhumbo cha chilungamo cha munthu uyu chinaseka nkhanza naye: pokhala akuchita zinthu motsutsana ndi wolemekezeka ndi kukhala ndi mgwirizano pakati pa mwini nyumbayo, iye mwiniyo anasaina chigamulocho. Ndipo komabe iye sanaleke ndipo patatha zaka zambiri adapeza ntchito yabwino m'khoti.

Ponena za amayi a Olga Kobylianska sadziwika kwambiri kuposa bambo ake. Chodalirika ndi chakuti iye anali mwana wamkazi wa Pole wochokera kudziko lina. Kwa nthawi yaitali, mayi wa mlembi wamtsogolo adagwira ntchito ngati banja la wansembe wachuma.

Abambo ndi amayi a Kobylianska anali anthu oona mtima komanso achifundo, aliyense amawalemekeza, malangizo awo anali okhutira ndi omvera. Bambo anga anali okhwima nthawi zina, koma nthawi zonse anali amodzi, mayi ake anali mkazi wofewa komanso womvera omwe anatha kulera anthu asanu ndi awiri oyenera ndikutsegula njira yawo yopita kumoyo.

Choyamba kudzidziwitsa

Ngakhale kuti anali kuphunzira mwakhama chinenero cha Ufumu wa Austro-Hungary, Kobylianska anayamba kuphunzira Chiyukireniya chinenero, chomwe chinaperekedwa ngakhale cholemera kuposa German. Anaphunzira maphunziro a aphunzitsi a komweko dzina lake Protsyukevich, amene ankaphunzitsa kusukulu yomwe Olga ankaphunzira.

Pokhala ndi ufulu wa chikondi ndi maganizo mu moyo wake, mtsikanayo sakanakhoza kumverera zolemba, iye nthawizonse ankafunafuna mwayi woti atulutse maganizo ake ndi malingaliro ake. Ndipo m'banja lake, kuchokera ku tchire, makolo adalimbikitsa ana kulemekeza ndi kukonda mau ndi nzeru za anthu. Zotsatira zake, panthawi ya maphunziro ku Kimplung, Olga adawerenganso mabuku ambiri: Goethe, Schiller, komanso Byron anali pa mndandanda.

Biography Kobylyanskaya Olga Yulianovna amapereka wowerenga mndandanda womveka bwino womwe umatsatira msinkhu wa msungwana wa zojambulajambula. Ali ndi zaka khumi ndi zinayi akuyesa mphamvu zake za ndakatulo ndikugwiritsira ntchito mzere woyamba.

Kuyambira kale

Achinyamata Olga Kobylianska adamulembera ndakatulo yoyamba pansi pa mutu wakuti "Hortense, kapena nkhani yochokera kwa mtsikana", zomwe ziri zosangalatsa ndipo zikuwonetsera zonse zomwe zimachitika kuti mwana asadziwe zambiri. Ntchitoyi inalembedwa m'Chijeremani ndipo sichivomerezedwa ndi anzawo a Kobylyanskaya kapena anzawo. Kuchokera kuwawa kwa choyamba cholephera, Olga samakumbukira nthenga zake zoyambirira pamoyo wake.

Koma pazimenezi sakanakhoza kuima - zilembo zingapo zinawonekera poyera: "Chithunzi cha moyo wa anthu ku Bukovina", "Munthu wochokera kwa anthu", ndi zina zotero. Ntchito zonsezi zinali zogawikana, kuwonetsa zinthu zina ndikusafuna kusonkhana Pa chithunzi chonse cha maganizo ndi maganizo a wolemba wawo.

Kupanga Olga Kobylyanskaya monga wolemba

Nthaŵi yofunika kwambiri m'tsogolomu ya Olga Kobylianska inayamba kudziwana ndi Natalia Kobrinskaya, ndiye wolemba mbiri wotchuka ku Ukraine. Kobylianskaya mwiniwake analibe zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu, koma izi sizinalepheretse kukwera ndipo anali ndi chidaliro chotsatira njira yomwe makolo ake adamutumizira poyamba, ndipo tsopano ali mphunzitsi ngati munthu wolemba. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, moyo wonse wa Olga umasintha kwambiri. Asanayambe dziko losiyana kwambiri - dziko limene angathe kufotokozera malingaliro ake popanda kuwopsya.

Kobrinskaya amauza Kobylianskaya ndi Chiyukireniya chilengedwe - mu maphunziro ndi Chiyukireniya mabuku, nthano ndi nthano. Pofuna kumvetsa mawu onse, Kobylianska amadziwa kuti wapeza malo ake m'moyo. Ambiri amzanga ndi abwenzi mosangalala amathandiza Olga pakuphunzira chikhalidwe cha Chiyukireniya. Posakhalitsa Olga Kobylyanskaya anayamba kupita mofulumira m'munda wa mabuku. Atatha kulemba nkhani m'Chijeremani "Adakwatirana", yomwe pambuyo pake inakhala maziko a nkhani yakuti "Man", kuwala kukuwoneka kuti wolemba wotchuka wotchuka wa Chiyukireniya Kobylianskaya Olga.

Moyo ku Chernivtsi

Mu 1891, chifukwa cha banja, banja lonse la Kobylyansky linasamukira ku Chernivtsi. Nthawi ino amapeza Olga pachimake cha mphamvu za wolemba - amakonda zonse, akufuna kulenga ndikubweretsa chidutswa chake pa dziko lino lapansi. Mzinda uno, tsopano akhoza kulandira chikhalidwe cha Chiyukireniya, chomwe amagwiritsa ntchito, komanso kukonzanso zina mwa ntchito zake.

Mu 1894 m'magazini yakuti "Dawn" imafalitsa nkhani yoyamba ya Chiyukireniya nkhani Kobylyanskaya "Man". Kuunikiridwa ndi kuwala kowala bwino, wolemba akugwira ntchito molimbika, kupanga mapepala osiyanasiyana, kutenga nawo gawo mwakhama mu zochitika zonse zolemba.

Mu 1895 nkhani yakuti "The Princess" inatha. Pambuyo pa ntchitoyi, Kobylianskaya Olga Julianovna analemekezedwa ndi wolemba wotchuka dzina lake Ivan Franko.

Mu 1898 wolemba amabwera ku Lviv. Apa biography ya Kobylianskaya Olga Yulianovna ikuwonjezeredwa ndi chochitika chatsopano: mtsikanayo amadziwana ndi Ivan Franko, ubwenzi wapamtima umamangirizana pakati pawo. Zitatha izi, Ivan Franko, yemwe anali wovomerezeka komanso wolemekezeka pa nthawiyo wolemba, analengeza talente ya Olga Kobylyanskaya.

Chiyanjano ndi Lesya Ukrainka (Larisa Kosach)

Ndi anthu ochepa chabe amene amadziŵa wina, koma wolemba wotchuka kwambiri pansi pa chinyengo cha Lesja Ukrainka. Zambiri zabodza ndi zobisika zinafalitsidwa kuzungulira dzina la akazi awiriwa, omenyera mwamphamvu ufulu wa amayi, atsikana awiri, ofanana mofanana ndi mzimu. Mu 1899, kupyolera mwa bwenzi lapamtima la M. Pavlik, amzanga awiri omwe sanagwirizane anadziwika. Mu 1899 Lesia anaganiza choyamba kulemba kalata kwa Olga, adachokera ku kalata yoyamba ndikuyamba kulemba makalata a amayi awiri omwe adzatsogolere mpaka kumapeto kwa masiku awo. Kumvetsetsa kumodzi kumagwirizanitsa pakati pawo: zonsezi, chisangalalo chachikulu ndikugwirizana ndi mabuku, nyimbo, mabuku, kukambirana ndikuuza maganizo awo, mavuto awo. Lesya Ukrainka ankakondwera kwambiri ndi maganizo olimba mtima mu ntchito za Kobylianska, ndipo winayo adayankha ndakatulo ya bwenzi lake. Pakati pa ubwenzi wonse omwe anali omasuka komanso omvera wina ndi mzake, nthawi zambiri ankayendera wina ndi mzake ndipo sanangoganizira nthawi imodzi popanda lingaliro la bwenzi lawo. Olga anapita ku Green Grove ku Lesya, ndipo enawo anakhala mwezi wonse m'nyumba ya makolo a Kobylianska m'mapiri a Carpathian.

Zinali chifukwa cha Lesja Ukrainka kuti ntchito za akatswiri a ku Russia a nthawi imeneyo-Tolstoy, Saltykov-Shchedrin, Dostoyevsky, Turgenev, ndi zina zotero, zinapangitsa chidwi kwambiri ku Kobylyanskaya.

Wothandizira kumasulidwa kwa amayi

Kukumana ndi mavuto osamvetsetseka komanso kulekanitsidwa kwakukulu m'madera osiyanasiyana, Olga Kobylyanskaya anaganiza zolimbana ndi mphamvu zake zonse zotsutsana ndi ufulu wa amayi poyera komanso pa chikhalidwe. Mu mlembi, moto woopsa wa chikazi unayaka kwambiri moti patapita kanthawi anakhala mmodzi mwa oyambitsa "Society of Russian Women's Society ku Bukovina".

Mu ntchito zake zambiri, mwachitsanzo, mu "The Princess" kapena mu buku lake loyamba lakuti "Munthu" Olga Kobylianska akuwonekera bwino kuti ali ndi heroines ofunikira kufunafuna - kufunafuna chikondi, tanthauzo la moyo komanso, chisangalalo cha amayi. Mkazi aliyense wa mlembi ali ndi chilakolako cholimba komanso cholimba, chifukwa amodzi mwa amai "amphamvu" amenewa amamuthandiza. Ameneyo anali Mlengi wawo.

Zaka zotsiriza za moyo

Pambuyo pa 1912, moyo umakhala mzere wakuda kwa Olga Kobylyanskaya. Mmodzi ndi mnzake, anzake apamtima amwalira: Ivan Franko, Kotsyubinsky ngakhale Lesya Ukrainka. Nkhondo ikuyamba m'dzikoli, ndipo pambali iyi ndi nthaka yachisoni chachikulu, Olga akuyamba kulemba nkhani za nkhondo zokhudzana ndi nkhondo kuti ayese kubwerera kudziko lamdima kuwala kwa kuwala. Kotero zikuwoneka "Maloto", "Yudasi", ndi ena.

Panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, Olga Kobylyanskaya, wokhala ndi ziwalo ndi okalamba kale, akukonzedweratu kuchoka ku Chernivtsi, kumene adakhala moyo wake, koma palibe chimene chimachitika, ndipo wolemba wosaukayo amamangidwa ndi Ajeremani. Anayenera kupita pansi pa bwalo lamilandu ndikuphedwa mwamanyazi, koma adasonyezanso khalidwe lake lodziwika bwino lomwe angathe kusintha ndikuchita izi ngati akufuna, zochitika zonse. March 21, 1942, amamwalira. Pokumbukira wolemba kwawo, nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale inamangidwa, yomwe lero ili yodzaza ndi anthu, kotero kuti onse amakumbukira za mkazi wochititsa chidwi, yemwe anali Olga Kobylianska. Mbiri ya wolembayo imathera mumzinda uno - iyo iikidwa m'manda ku Chernivtsi - malo omwe amayenera kuyamba ulendo wake wodabwitsa wa wolembayo ndikuyenera kukwaniritsa.