Denver khromozomu gulu monga maziko karyotyping

zamoyo zonse zili mtima maselo ina ya nkhaniyo chibadwa. Maselo eukaryotic, izo ukufanizidwa ndi DNA. Pakuti mayiko, kuwerengera ndi kafukufuku wa sayansi dongosolo karyotype pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana. Bwino ndi njira molumikiza zinthu majini ndi chitsanzo cha DNA anthu.

Gawo DNA anthu

Karyotype - chromosomal womuyenerera (diploid) ili uliwonse wa maselo somatic. Ndi khalidwe la chamoyo ndi chimodzimodzi maselo onse kupatula kugonana.

Khromozomu karyotype ndi:

• autosomes, osati osiyana mu anthu amuna ndi akazi osiyana;
• kugonana (chowonjezera khromozomu) amasiyana dongosolo nyama za amuna ndi akazi osiyana.

maselo a anthu ali DNA Nkhosi 46, amene awiriawiri 22 autosomes ndi chimodzi - maliseche. Izi 2n diploid anapereka chuma chibadwa. Banja akazi geterohromosom anasonyeza XX, amuna - XY, ndi zoti karyotype ndi, motero, 44 ndi 44 + XX + XY.

Maselo nyongolosi (gametes) alipo kapena osakwatira haploid akonzedwa 1n DNA. Oocytes muli autosomes 22 ndi chimodzi X-khromozomu maselo umuna - 22 autosomes ndi mmodzi wa geterohromosom, X kapena Y.

N'chifukwa chiyani chizindikiritso ndi gulu la DNA

Denver ndi Paris gulu dongosolo la zinthu cholowa, ankagwiritsa ntchito mu asayansi, cholinga choti ndi zambiri chiphunzitso cha karyotype lapansi. A anthu ambiri zingamuthandize ulaliki lolondola ndi kutanthauzira zotsatira kafukufuku m'munda wa chibadwa Karyosystematics, kuswana.

Schematically akamachita karyotype ntchito ideograms - systematized zinayendera ndipo anakonza descendingly khromozomu kukula. Ideogram akuganizira osati miyeso ya DNA helical, koma makhalidwe ena morphological, makamaka dongosolo yaikulu (hetero- ndi euchromatin dera).

Mwa kupenda chintchito izi kukhazikitsa mlingo wa ubale pakati pa magulu osiyana taxonomic wa zamoyo.

The karyotype mwina peyala ya autosomes, pafupifupi ofanana kukula, zikhale zovuta kukonza malo ndi manambala. Taganizirani zimene magawo monga Denver ndi Paris gulu DNA anthu.

The zotsatira za msonkhano mu Denver, 1960

M'chakachi, mu mzinda wa Denver, USA, anapangitsa msonkhano wa pa DNA anthu. Izo mosiyana codify DNA (kukula, malo malo centromere ndi osiyana a helix ndi T. D.) Kodi amaphatikiza dongosolo limodzi.

Zochita za Conference anali otchedwa Denver gulu DNA anthu. dongosolo chimatsogoleredwa ndi mfundo za:

1. autosomes onse amene anawerengedwa consecutively kuchokera 1 mpaka 22 ndi kuchepa kwa kutalika, chromatids pogonana anatumizidwa mayina X ndi Y.
2. Khromozomu karyotype m'magulu 7 ndi makonzedwe centromere, pamaso pa makina ndi kaduka sekondale pa chromatids.
3. Wosalira gulu ntchito centromeric index, amene masamu ndi kugawa kutalika yochepa mkono wa utali wonse wa khromozomu ndi chimaonetsera kuchuluka a.

Denver gulu DNA ambiri anazindikira mu mabungwe sayansi.

magulu asakhale ndi vutoli ndipo makhalidwe awo

Denver khromozomu gulu zikuphatikizapo magulu asanu ndi awiri amene autosomes imakonzedwa mu dongosolo la manambala, koma omangidwa anagawira wambiri. Ichi ndi chifukwa mbali imene iwo anagawira m'magulu. Werengani zambiri za izi mu tebulo.

Monga mukuonera, ndi Denver gulu DNA zochokera kusanthula kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe, popanda mpheto iliyonse ya DNA ndi.

Paris gulu DNA anthu

Chifukwa cha gulu ili, anayambitsa mu 1971, zochokera njira masiyanidwe kudetsa wa chromatin. Chifukwa, kupenta chizolowezi chromatids onse chitsanzo chake cha magulu kuwala ndi mdima, potero amadziwikanso kumagulu.

Mankhwalawa utoto zosiyanasiyana DNA wapezeka zigawo munthu:

• Q-khromozomu zigawo fluoresce chifukwa cha mpiru utoto-quinacrine.
• G-zigawo amaoneka pambuyo Giemsa kudetsa njira (mofanana Q-zigawo).
• R-kudetsa zigawo yoyamba kulamulidwa kutentha denaturation.

zizindikiro zina tikuuzidwa kusonyeza malo majini pa DNA:

1. Mkono yaitali khromozomu atalonjeza m'munsi chilembo Q, yochepa - lowercase p.
2. Mkati phewa kuonetsetsa kuti malo 4, amene anawerengedwa kuyambira centromere ku mapeto telomere.
3. Manambala a misewu komanso mkati madera mu malangizo ochokera centromere lapansi.

Ngati malo a mbewu pa khromozomu umadziwika molondola chake mwandondomeko ndi index wa Mzere wa. Pamene jini kutanthauzira zochepa mwatchutchutchu, kutanthauza ili mu dzanja yaitali kapena lalifupi.

Pakuti sanjira zolondola DNA, mwakusakaniza ndi kuphunzira mutagenesis njira iliyonse limodzi ndi chofunika kwambiri. Denver khromozomu gulu ndi Paris mu nkhani iyi ndi inextricably zogwirizana ndi amathandiza.