Ubereki kudzipatula: Tanthauzo, Amachititsa. Mitundu ya kudzipatula ubereki: Zitsanzo

Pa zamoyo panmiktichnyh (kugonana kubereka) lembani - mndandanda wa zamoyo ofanana mu uthunthu wonse wa zikhumbo kuti momasuka hybridize kupanga mbewu chonde. Lingaliro la kutchinjiriza ntchito pa nkhani ya microevolution, kapena, monga iwo ukutchedwa, - speciation. Ubereki kudzipatula imayamba mapangidwe mitundu yatsopano ndi Wamaliza izo. Koma si uliwonse zodabwitsazi zidzayambitsa zikamera wa mtundu watsopano, monga aliyense kutchinjiriza kumabweretsa komaliza dissociation anthu ubereki.

Kusakonda njira zinangokhalako

Anthu mwa mitundu pali magulu - anthu. Ndi anthu monga gulu la microevolution kutumikira monga chuma mapangidwe mtundu watsopano, wolekana ndi woyamba kubadwa. Mwa mitundu pakati pa anthu zakuthupi majini umasinthanitsidwa pa njira kubalana. Otchedwa luso ubereki wabwino wa thupi. Pamene pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana, kuwombola pakati anthu mwa mitundu yochepa kapena kwathunthu zosatheka kuti ndi kudzipatula ubereki. Tanthawuzo la limagwirira izi zamoyo zinachita ndi kuonetsetsa kuti anthu a anthu osiyana sangabereke ana. Mbiri ya zikamera wa mtundu watsopano - unyolo wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kudzipatula ubereki, m'malo kapena kulowererana, kupanga gulu la anthu sizingasinthe.

Ubereki kudzipatula: Gawo

Pali mfundo zingapo pa gulu la anthu mitundu zokhazi. i zosiyanasiyana akutengedwa ngati mbali zofunika awagawire nkhani chisokonezo. Tiyeni tione monga maziko kuti kudzipatula ubereki monga okhazikika chiletso panmixia (ufulu ndizi) - uyu ndi gawo lotsiriza, la speciation komaliza. Gululi cholinga cha pawekha mitundu akhala kudziwika kwa akatswiri zamoyo zinachita FG Dobzhansky (1900-1975 gg.) Ndipo E. Mayr (1904-2005 gg.). Zimagwirira mosalidwa ubereki mu njira imeneyi m'magulu atatu:

• okhudza malo kulekana (Hrs);
• kutchinjiriza chilengedwe (chitetezo zimagwirira);
• moyenera limagwirira ubereki chikukhudza dokopulyatsioinnye (kupanga zygotes) ndi poslekopulyatsionnye (Kumuyika zikachitika, koma dzira ndi ubwamuna kapena ayi, kapena kufa, kapena wosabala hybrids) zopinga.

Pamene aliyense limagwirira akwaniritsa panmixia malire: wonse kapena tsankho. Mwachidule, gulu lililonse tikambirana mitundu ya kudzipatula ubereki. Zitsanzo yofotokoza kuwathandiza kumvetsa akamanena za ichi kapena mtundu umenewo.

Okhudza malo Kutalikirana kwa anthu zimagwirira

limagwirira kudzipatula kugwirizana ndi kusintha zosiyanasiyana mtunda (yatsoka ndi zopinga mu mawonekedwe a zitunda kapena mtsinje) kapena yothetsa m'madera ambiri mawonekedwe. Ngati kuphwanya otaya mbewu pakati pa anthu olekanitsidwa amapezeka kudzipatula ubereki. Chitsanzo wodziwika wa zodabwitsazi kupanga mitundu yatsopano ya zamoyo zikhoza kuganiziridwa chilumba creepers Galápagos, omwe anakhala chitsanzo kwa Darwin "Origin of Species Kudzera Natural Kusankha." Kapena chitsanzo cha magpie buluu, anthu amene amakhala ku China, ndi zina - mu Spain.

zimagwirira Environmental kudzipatula

Zimayambitsa kudzipatula ubereki wabwino wa mtundu uwu imakhudzana ndi kusiyana anthu a zikhalidwe kuswana mitundu wamoyo symmetrically, amene ali m'dera lomweli. Mwachitsanzo, kuswana kapena maluwa nyengo sizigwirizana. Pa California gombe symmetrically pali mitundu iwiri ya mitengo ya paini: mtundu wina mungu amapatsa mu February, ndi wina - mu April. Nyengo zachilengedwe kudzipatula wakhala kubalana awo. CHITSANZO kudzipatula abereke, koma zinachitika chifukwa zosiyanasiyana forage zinasokoneza makompyuta kusonyeza mitundu itatu ya zisindikizo Antarctic zimene zinachitika ku kholo limodzi phylogenetic. Chisindikizo Veddelya zimadya nsomba yekha, nyanja nyalugwe - anyani ndi zisindikizo, ndi Ross chisindikizo - cephalopods.

Dokopulyatsionnye mitundu ya kudzipatula ubereki

Mawotchi kudzipatula - popanda chifukwa cha Kumuyika chifukwa cha dongosolo losiyana ziwalo zoberekera kapena copulative. Mwachitsanzo, osiyanasiyana tchire ndi maluwa mawonekedwe osiyana ndi mungu ndi njuchi zina. The malumikizanidwe chomwecho pakati komanso maluwa hummingbirds. Interspecies mating ntchentche Drosophila kumabweretsa kuvulala kapena imfa ya mnzawo.

Ethological kudzipatula - osati pairing chifukwa kusiyana kugonana (pachibwenzi, kuimba, kuvina, luminescence kapena pfungo kusiyana). Mwachitsanzo, yogwirizana mitundu ya ziphaniphani pa wamkazi mwamsanga mating osiyana zikuthwanima (yosiyana pafupipafupi ndi nthawi). Komanso, pali akhoza otchulidwa m'nkhani imeneyi, mitundu pokha nyimbo mpheta achule. Ndipo pa mating miyambo ya mbalame kudziwa zonse.

Gametic kudzipatula - kupanda mogwirizana kwa gametes kapena gamete imfa. Kukhalako kwa mtundu wa kutchinjiriza imatsimikizirika experimentally. Mwachitsanzo, mitundu iwiri ya urchins nyanja ndi umuna kunja anawoloka geneticists American ndi Denis Brachet. Dzira ndi ukala koma Ndisanaumbidwe anafa pa magawo oyambirira gastrulation.

Poslekopulyatsionnye mitundu ya kudzipatula ubereki

Izi amatanthauza sanali viability wa dzira ndi imfa ya mwana wosabadwayo mu magawo oyambirira ontogeny. Kapena imfa ya mwana wosabadwa mwana (kapena anthu) kuti akhwime kugonana. kwambiri mfundo kudzipatula gametic.

The sterility nyama hybrid

Ambiri mwa nyama anapulumuka interspecific hybrids ndi wosabala, mwachitsanzo, sangathe kubereka. Kupatulapo kungakhale semisterile hybrids. Limagwirira wa zodabwitsazi ndi zovuta kwambiri, zochokera jini, khromozomu kapena zifukwa cytological. Nazi zitsanzo chabe za hybrids interspecific, amene amadziwika onse.

Zophatikiza wa bulu ndi Mare - bulu. Iye ali wamkulu kuposa bulu komanso kakang'ono kuposa kavalo, kuwonjezera, muli nyama mosavuta. Hybrids yogwirizana subspecies agalu ndi mimbulu (volkosob, poluvolk) apanga Luso kupirira kuposa ochiritsira galu. Ambiri Aquarium nsomba - mitundu hybrid (zokongola Aulonocara). Iwo ali okongola, lalikulu kuposa mitundu makolo, koma pamene inu kugula ayenera mwachindunji magwero a nsomba, mukatero osati kudikira ana. Aliyense akudziwa kuti mbewu za zomera nakulitsa (tomato, nkhaka), anaika chizindikiro cha F-1, - mawonekedwe wosakanizidwa. Zipatso za zomera atsala mbewu.