Wotchuka Russian akatswiri ndi mtendere ndi kutsegula iwo

Kukwezeleza sayansi - kwambiri a anthu aluso ndi odzipereka amene sali owopa pa nthawi anali atapereka kungoganizira wake ntchitoyi kuti mukupanga chipangizo latsopano. Angwiro anthu uliwonse Zakachikwi anaona kwambiri wapadera, chidwi ndi ofunika kufufuza mu munda wa zamoyo. anthu amene alemekezedwa Russia ndi ndani? ndi amene akatswiri izi otchuka?

Kuyambira kale m'zaka za m'ma XIX

akatswiri otchuka ndi apeza ayamba kuonekera kwa nthawi yaitali. Ngakhale kalelo, pamene ngakhale kunja kwa funso la ngati sayansi, panali anthu amene ankafuna kuzindikira zinsinsi za dziko. Ndi kuti munthu wotchuka, monga Aristotle, Pliny, Dioscorides.

Biology sayansi anayamba kutuluka pafupi ndi 17 m'ma TH. Anaonekera systematics a zamoyo anabadwa amalanga monga tizilombo tosaoneka ndi maso, Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa. Anapitiriza kukhala thunthu: uko kunali kutsegulidwa kwa kufalitsa chachiwiri, anali woyamba kuphunzira maselo ofiira ndi umuna wa nyama. Wotchuka akatswiri a nthawi - ndi Uilyam Garvey, A. Leeuwenhoek, T. Morgan.

XIX ndi XX m'ma - ndi pachimake cha kutulukira zinthu zatsopano chimene chinasintha dziko. The akatswiri otchuka amene anakhalapo pa nthawi, anatha kwambiri asinthe sayansi. Tanthauzo la zaka 19-20th, sakhoza anakokomeza, chifukwa malingaliro zikuluzikulu ndi zaluso anaonekera pa nthawi ino basi, osati zamoyo, komanso zina za sayansi. Mwina maphunziro ofunika kwambiri inkachitikira kokha kudzera kwa iwo okha monga Pavlov, Vernadsky, Mechnikov ndi ena ambiri odziwika akatswiri Russian.

Zhan Batist Lamark

Anabadwa mu 1744 mu lotchedwa Picardy. Ine atapereka ndi ganizo loperekedwa kwa kusinthika kwa zamoyo padziko lapansi, kodi iwo unkatchedwa n'zofanana ndi Darwin. Komanso Lamarck anayambitsa mawu akuti "zamoyo" ndi khalidwe anayambitsa monga zinyama ndi paleontology invertebrates.

Antoni Van Levenguk (1632-1723)

Pambuyo pa imfa ya bambo ake Leeuwenhoek anayamba kugwira ntchito alipidwa galasi polisher. Patapita zaka zingapo anakhala katswiri pa ntchito yake, zomwe zinamuthandiza kupanga yake maso 200 nthawi magnification. Ndi maso, Leeuwenhoek anapeza zamoyo ufulu amoyo - tizilombo protists.

Komanso wasayansi woyamba anasonyeza kuti magazi ndi madzi ndi ambiri maselo. maselo a magazi, maselo ofiira anali atatsegula Leeuwenhoek.

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

I. P. Pavlov anabadwa mu Ryazan mu 1849. Titamaliza seminare mu kwawo, anaganiza yolumikizana miyoyo yawo ndi sayansi. Tsogolo wasayansi maphunziro Medico-Zopangira Academy, atalanda kwa aphunzitsi katswiri wa scalpel lapansi. Kodi kupambana akwaniritsa akatswiri otchuka m'ma 19?

ntchito Research wa Pavlova chifukwa cha ntchito mantha dongosolo. Iye anaphunzira kapangidwe ka ubongo, ndondomeko kufala kwa zikhumbo za mitsempha. Monga wasayansi chinkhoswe mu kafukufuku wa dongosolo m'mimba, amene analandira Nobel Prize mu 1904. Mpaka imfa yake, I. P. Pavlov ntchito ngati rector wa Institute of Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa wa Academy of Sciences.

Mofanana ndi onse akatswiri odziwika Pavlov yaitali ya moyo wake kwa sayansi. About zaka 35 anayamba kukhulupirira maphunziro okhudzana chapakati mantha dongosolo ndi mbali ya makhalidwe maganizo. Wasayansi anakhala woyambitsa wa malangizo atsopano mu sayansi - Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa a ntchito apamwamba mantha. maphunziro anali kuchitidwa mu zasayansi, zipatala maganizo ndi kennels ziweto. Nthawi zambiri, zinthu zonse ntchito yachibadwa zinkaperekedwa ndi boma la USSR, T. Kwa. Zotsatira za kafukufuku zathandiza kuti chinthu chachikulu kwa ulimi wa sayansi munda wa ntchito ubongo.

Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky

Pafupifupi onse odziwika akatswiri Russian anali akatswiri kwambiri, sayansi ndi masamu. A chitsanzo chapadera - V. I. Vernadsky lalikulu woganiza, wasayansi, kafukufuku.

Vernadsky anabadwa mu 1863 ku St. Petersburg. Popeza ndatsiliza mphamvu ya Masamu ndi Physics Peterburg University, iye anayamba kuphunzira katundu mbali nyukiliya, zikuchokera kutumphuka dziko lapansi, kapangidwe ka mchere ndi. kafukufuku wapereka kutsogolera kukhazikitsidwa kwa mwambo watsopano - biogeochemistry.

Vernadsky aziika patsogolo kungoganizira wake za chitukuko ya biosphere limene zamoyo zonse tikukhala kanthu. Zogwiritsa zipangizo nyukiliya mu dongosolo la zowalitsa, iye anakwatitsa zamoyo ndi zopanda moyo m'dongosolo kwachilengedwenso.

Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov

akatswiri wotchuka kwa zaka za m'ma 19 apeza zinthu zambiri m'munda wa Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa ndi immunology munthu.

Mechnikov anabadwa mu 1845 m'mudzi wa chigawo Ivanovka Kharkov, anamaliza mu 1862 ndipo ndinalembetsa School of Physics ndi Masamu mphamvu ya University Kharkov. Atamaliza maphunziro ake ku wasayansi yunivesite anayamba kafukufuku m'munda wa embryology wa invertebrates.

Mu 1882 Mechnikov anakumana ndi Lui Pasterom, amene amapereka iye ntchito yabwino pa University Pasteur. Ilya Ilyich ntchito kumeneko kwa zaka zingapo. Nthawi imeneyi, osati anapanga ochepa atulukira zofunika m'munda wa embryology, komanso anayamba kuphunzira zochitika monga phagocytosis. Kwenikweni, Mechnikov ndipo anali woyamba kupeza pa leukocytes chitsanzo.

Mu 1908 wasayansi analandira Nobel Prize chifukwa chitukuko cha immunology ndi mankhwala. Kafukufuku wake, akulangani izi anatha kukwera kwa mlingo lotsatira.

Swordsmen mpaka mapeto a moyo wake anagwira yunivesite ya Paris , ndipo anafa matenda angapo mtima.

Nikolay Ivanovich Vavilov

Wotchuka Russian akatswiri akhoza kudzitama tanthauzo la anapeza. Ndinali nazonso ndi Ni Vavilov - Wasayansi, katswiri, mbewu physiologist, zakuthambo ndi wa malo.

Vavilov anabadwa mu 1887 mu Moscow. Kuyambira ndili mwana oyambirira anali ndi chidwi kusonkhanitsa zomera, kujambula herbarium, kuphunzira katundu mankhwala zinthu. N'zosadabwitsa malo ake tsogolo la kafukufuku adzakhala Moscow ulimi Institute, kumene iye anali mumalimba talente awo.

Kupezeka lofunika kwambiri la Vavilov - ndi chilamulo cha magazi angapo amene akufotokoza kufanana cholowa cha makhalidwe a mibadwo yambiri ya zamoyo. Ofufuza anapeza kuti mwa mitundu yogwirizana zimapezeka alleles zofanana jini chomwecho. zodabwitsazi ntchito mu kuswana kulosera za katundu zotheka kwa zomera.

Dmitriy Iosifovich Ivanovsky (1864-1920)

akatswiri otchuka ntchito osati munda wa zomera, thunthu, Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa, komanso analimbikitsa mwambo watsopano. Mwachitsanzo, Di Ivanovsky zachititsa kuti chitukuko cha virology.

Ivanovski maphunziro St. Petersburg University mu 1888 ku Dipatimenti ya zomera. Motsogozedwa ndi aphunzitsi aluso, anaphunzira mbewu Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa ndi tizilombo tosaoneka ndi maso, ndipo zimenezi zinamuthandiza kupeza gwero mfundo atulukira m'tsogolo.

Wotchedwa Dmitry I. kafukufuku pa fodya. Iye anati nthumwi causative wa zithunzi fodya si kuonekera maikulosikopu yamphamvu kwambiri ndipo sizikula pa TV wamba zatu. Kenako, iye anazindikira kuti pali zamoyo chiyambi noncellular amene amayambitsa matenda amenewa. Ivanovo kuwatcha mavairasi, ndi kuyambira wakhala pachiyambi cha chigawo chino cha zamoyo monga virology, amene analephera ina akatswiri otchuka m'dzikoli.

Pomaliza

Izi si mndandanda wa asayansi amene anatha kukondwerera maphunziro ake Russian. akatswiri otchuka ndi apeza ndawapatsa kutsogolera chitukuko cha sayansi khalidwe. Choncho, tingathe titanena m'ma 19-20-TH pachimake pa ntchito ya sayansi, nthawi ya atulukira kwambiri.