Mafunde Population monga chinthu chisinthiko. Zimayambitsa mafunde anthu

The kanthu mu dziwe jini mfundo zachibwanabwana chimasintha pafupipafupi majini ena, imbaenda kusintha genotype ndi fenotayipi mu anthu, ndi yaitali kukhudzana ndi kusankha zamoyo chimafikira zosiyanasiyana ake.

microevolution Kodi

Microevolution - anthu amasintha mchikakamizo cha zinthu zamoyo zinachita kuti kungayambitse kusintha mu dziwe jini, kapena maonekedwe a mitundu latsopano.

Zinthu kusanduka angatchedwe njira iliyonse kapena zochitika. Mwa iwo kutchulidwa masinthidwe, kudzipatula, kulowerera chibadwa, mafunde anthu kuti kusintha zikuchokera chibadwa.

Miyeso ya anthu aliyense nthawi zonse kusintha. The zifukwa makhalidwe osiyanasiyana biotic ndi abiotic chikhalidwe. Chotero anthu kukula kusinthasintha ndi nthawi. Choncho, pambuyo kuchuluka kwa anthu alionse ndi kuchepetsa ake. Mu 1905 S. S. Chetverikov otchedwa chitsanzo mafunde anthu. Ngati zitsanzo mafunde anthu, kungakhale kusinthasintha mu chiwerengero cha anthu amene cha adani, dzombe kuswana ndi akalulu ku Australia. chitsanzo akhoza kukhalanso lemmings kung'anima mu Arctic kapena mliri mliri, lomwe kale analembedwa Europe.

Kaperekedwe "mafunde a moyo"

mafunde awa sizachilendo kwa zamoyo zonse. Iwo akhoza kukhala kobwereza ndipo sanali kobwereza. Nthawi zambiri anamuona pa zamoyo yochepa ankakhala - tizilombo, zomera pachaka, komanso ambiri a zamoyo yaying'ono-bowa. Chitsanzo losavuta mwina kusintha nyengo wochuluka.

mafunde Nonperiodic anthu zimadalira osakaniza zinthu zingapo zovuta. Childs, zikukhudza imodzi koma mitundu ingapo ya zamoyo mu m'chilengedwe, choncho chingayambitse kukonzanso kwakukulu.

Pakati pa kusintha kwa chiwerengero cha anthu mu anthu ikhale maonekedwe mwadzidzidzi mitundu ina ya zamoyo m'madera popanda adani awo achilengedwe. Komanso mtengo kuzitchula ndi kusintha lakuthwa chiwerengero cha sanali ozungulira, amene kugwirizana ndi zachirengedwe "MASOKA" ndipo angasonyeze chiwonongeko biogeocoenose kapena malo wonse. Mwachitsanzo, angapo yotentha akhoza kusintha lalikulu - kudziwa zosayembekezereka wa dambo zomera zithaphwi ndi zambiri udzu wouma.

Ngati musankhe zifukwa mafunde anthu, M'pofunikanso kukumbukira osati ubale wa zamoyo ndi mnzake, komanso ndi zinthu zachilengedwe wamoyo, komanso chikoka anthu.

Chisinthiko tanthauzo la "mafunde moyo"

Pa nthawi imene chiwerengero cha anthu aliyense inachepetseratu, mwina anthu ochepa. Motero iwo ali pafupipafupi majini (alleles) ndi osiyana ndi amene anali mu anthu pachiyambi. Ngati, pambuyo sakuyendetsa lakuthwa chiwerengero cha anthu ndi kuwuka kwake lakuthwa, chiyambi cha mliri latsopano cha kukula kwa chiwerengero cha anthu mu anthu amapereka kagulu ka zamoyo kuti zikhale. N'chifukwa akhoza kutsutsa kuti mafunde anthu bwanji dziwe jini, chifukwa genotype wa gulu Mzimuyo kapangidwe chibadwa cha anthu.

Pa nthawi yomweyo ndithu mwangozi udasintha modabwitsa anapereka cha masinthidwe a anthu ndi maganizo awo. Choncho, ena masinthidwe akamaphwera palimodzi, ndi ena mwadzidzidzi kukula. Kulonga n'cigwagwa, tikhoza kunena kuti mafunde pa anthu chinthu zamoyo zinachita n'chofunika kwambiri chifukwa malinga kwambiri kusankha ndi katundu lalikulu la chuma zamoyo zinachita kuti masinthidwe osowa ali anaikapo pansi zochita za kusankha.

Komanso, mafunde a moyo amatha mongoyembekezera mupewe chiwerengero cha masinthidwe kapena genotypes ina chilengedwe abiotic kapena biotic. Ngakhale izi, ngakhale kuphatikiza cha masinthidwe mafunde anthu ndi sasamalira otaya zamoyo zinachita ndondomeko. Tiyenera chinthu kanthu kumene kumakhudza mbali imodzi (ichi, mwachitsanzo, kutchinjiriza).

Kutchinjiriza zotsatira pa kukula anthu

Chinthu Ichi ndi chofunika kwambiri mwa mawu zamoyo zinachita, kuyambira amakwiya maonekedwe a zatsopano mawu a mtundu umodzi ndi zimachokeradi mwakusakaniza a mitundu yosiyanasiyana kwa wina ndi mzake. Dziwani kuti anthu amakonda anati kudzipatula linalake. Kwenikweni ake kwagona kuti yekha m'dera yopuma, pa mphambano ya anthu ochokera m'madera osiyanasiyana kwake kumakhala kovuta kapena zovuta.

Dziwani kuti anthu akutali mwangozi kukhala masinthidwe, chifukwa cha kusankha zamoyo, genotype ake likupitirirabe osiyanasiyana. Komanso, pali kudzipatula zachilengedwe ndipo zosiyanasiyana njira kwachilengedwenso kuti kuteteza anthu interbreed osiyana mitundu. Mwachitsanzo angakhale ndi zokonda zosiyana malo kapena nthawi ya kuwoloka, komanso Mwachitsanzo, khalidwe lina kapena dongosolo losiyana ziwalo zoberekera za nyama zomwe zimakhala chotchinga zina interbreeding.

Kulonga n'cigwagwa, tikhoza kunena kuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kutchinjiriza zimathandiza kuti mapangidwe mtundu watsopano, koma pa yomweyo thandizo kusunga dongosolo majini a mitundu.

kulowerera majini

kusintha mwachisawawa chiwerengero cha chibadwa mwa anthu iliyonse ya kukula ang'onoang'ono mwina kukhudzanso chifukwa zingachititse kuti asinthe allele pafupipafupi. kusintha mwachisawawa allele mafurikwense otchedwa kulowerera chibadwa. Zimenezi ndi sanali mbali mu chirengedwe. Choyamba anapeza ndi zachibadwa N. P. Dubininym ndi D. D. Romashovym.

Umboni wa mwayi majini kulowerera anali C. Wright. Iye anawoloka zasayansi Drosophila amuna ndi akazi amene anali heterozygous kwa mbewu makamaka. Kenako ana chinapezeka ndi ndende ya jini zachilendo ndipo owukira, amene anali 50%. Pambuyo mibadwo ingapo, anthu ena kukhala homozygous kwa jini owukira, ena anataya ngakhale izo, ndipo mbali ina ya anthu anali onse owukira komanso jini yachibadwa.

Tikumbukenso kuti ngakhale pa viability kuchepetsedwa ndi nyama ZOOPSA anapereka chikoka kusankha zachilengedwe allele ZOOPSA akhoza kwathunthu m'malo wabwinobwino, kuchititsa mafunde yeniyeni anthu.

mafunde Etiology anthu

Zifukwa zonse zomwe zingakhudze makhalidwe kachulukidwe ya anthu, malo kutsogolera wotanganidwa ndi zinthu nyengo zinthu biotic Pankhaniyi anawatumiza ku maziko. Ndi chiwerengero otsika a mitundu zobwezedwa anthu anthu amadalira nyengo, zikuchokera chilengedwe mankhwala, komanso pa mlingo wa kuipitsidwa.

Dziwani kuti zimayambitsa mafunde anthu kuti adziwe kusintha kukula anthu zimadalira kachulukidwe ake, kapena mphamvu, kaya angapezeke uku.

Abiotic ndi zinthu anthropogenic samasankha zimadalira osalimba a anthu. chikoka Biotic kwakukulukulu ukudalira pa izo. Tikumbukenso khalidwe dera lawo, lomwe Inde kusanduka ili limagwirira yabwino kwambiri zimaletsa kuwuka kwa chiwerengero cha anthu mu anthu a. Choncho, ntchito ya anthu zogwirizana okha danga. Ndi kuchuluka kwa osauka mpikisano intraspecific kwa chuma kapena chidani mwachindunji (kuukira mpikisano wa).

mafunde Population chimadaliranso mayankho khalidwe amene mkulu anthu yodziwika ndi maonekedwe chibadwa cha misa kusamuka. Lusoli kukhala nkhawa anachita zimene anthu apanga ziwalo thupi kuti kuchepetsa chonde ndipo amathandiza kuti imfa kuchuluka. Choncho, wosweka oogenesis ndi spermatogenesis ndondomeko, milandu yambiri padera, amachepetsa chiwerengero cha anthu mu m'badwo umodzi ndipo ukuwonjezeka pa unamwali. Komanso, yafupika kusamalira mwana wawo nzeru khalidwe kusintha - ndewu kuwonjezeka, kudya zingaoneke ndi yankho lokwanira kuti anyamata, omwe pamapeto pake amachepetsa kukula kwa anthu.

Features kusintha anthu

Ambiri njira zachilengedwe kugwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa chiwerengero cha anthu a areal kapena m'dera manambala kung'anima akufanana yoweyula, kumene monga momwe tafotokozera pamwambapa, amatchedwa "mafunde a moyo". Chitsanzo chabwino akhoza kutchulidwa kuwonjezeka mwadzidzidzi chiwerengero cha tizilombo dera yochepa ya nkhalango. M'mikhalidwe yabwino tizilombo angathe wogonjetsa gawo zambiri, ndiwo ambiri chithunzi cha kuwonjezeka kachulukidwe awo kapena kufalitsa otchedwa anthu yoweyula. Kudziwa makhalidwe a zoyendayenda a anthu ndi zinthu zina, inu mosavuta kuwerengera mathamangidwe wa kafalitsidwe wa yoweyula ndi njira zotheka kulamulira.

Mofananamo, munthu zimaonetsa mliri yoweyula, kotero chiphunzitso ichi bwino ntchito kuti mufotokozere kufalitsa matenda osiyanasiyana ndi kufulumizitsa ndondomekoyi.

Komanso, munene ikhale ya anthu mafunde majini ndi amene amanena Wofalitsa losokonekera makamaka pa osiyanasiyana, lomwe ali ndi anthu anapatsidwa.

Limagwirira cha zochita za mafunde anthu

Population yoweyula akhoza yodziwika ndi chitsanzo chitsanzo. Choncho, mu bokosi chatsekedwa ndi wakuda ndi 500 ndi mipira woyera omwewo kuchuluka logwirizana pafupipafupi allele-P 0,50. Ngati kuchotsa mipira mwachisawawa 10 ndipo amaganiza kuti anai a iwo ndi mtundu wakuda, ndi 6 - woyera, ndiye moyenera, ndi allele pafupipafupi adzakhala 0,40 ndi 0,60.

Ngati ife kuonjezera chiwerengero cha mipira mu nthawi 100 ndi 400 wakuda ndi 600 woyera, ndiyeno kachiwiri kutenga chilichonse mwachisawawa 10, ndiye zikuoneka kuti mtundu wawo chiŵerengero adzakhala zimasiyana wapachiyambi, mwachitsanzo 2 wakuda ndi 8 woyera. Pafupipafupi izi allele ndi ankalemekeza P-0.20 ndi P-0.80. Ngati tingakhale ndi chitsanzo chachitatu, pali kuthekera kuti 9 mipira woyera amakokedwa kutuluka 10 osankhidwa, ngakhale onse a iwo ndi mtundu woyera.

Malinga ndi chitsanzo akhoza kuweruza mwachisawawa kusinthasintha kwa pafupipafupi wa alleles mu anthu zachilengedwe, zomwe angachepetsere kapena kuwonjezera ndende ya losokonekera makamaka.