Zochita za anthu mafakitale (mwachidule)

Malongosoledwe tingachipeze powerenga za anthu mafakitale limanena kuti anapanga chifukwa cha chitukuko cha ulimi makina ndi zikamera wa mitundu yatsopano ya gulu misa ntchito. Mbiri yakale, stepi ino ikufanana ndi zinthu chikhalidwe kumadzulo kwa Ulaya mu 1800-1960 biennium.

makhalidwe General

A khalidwe losadziwika wa anthu mafakitale kumaphatikizapo makhalidwe angapo ofunika. Kodi n'chiyani? Choyamba, anthu mafakitale zachokera chitukuko cha mafakitale. Mmenemo ndi kugawikana kwa ntchito, zomwe zimalimbikitsa kuchuluka zokolola. Chinthu chofunika kwambiri ndi mpikisano. Popanda makhalidwe a anthu mafakitale chingakhale chosakwanira.

Bizinesi kumabweretsa mfundo yakuti mwachangu kukula entrepreneurship anthu molimba mtima ndiponso akhama. Pa nthawi yomweyo ndiyo kukhala mabungwe ogwira ntchito, komanso boma dongosolo utsogoleri. Zimakhala zosavuta ndi zovuta zambiri. Industrial anthu sitingayembekeze popanda njira zamakono za kulankhulana, mizinda urbanized ndi apamwamba a moyo wa nzika pafupifupi.

Sayansi yapita patsogolo

khalidwe lililonse la anthu mafakitale Mwachidule, ikukhudza chodabwitsa cha mafakitale. Kuti iye analola UK yoyamba m'mbiri kulepheretsa kukhala dziko ulimi. Pamene chuma amayamba kudalira osati pa kulima mbewu, ndi makampani latsopano, pali zikumera woyamba wa anthu mafakitale.

Choncho pali reallocation kwambiri ntchito. Ogwira ntchito masamba ulimi ndipo amapita ku tauni pa zomera. The gawo ulimi ndi 15% ya chiwerengero cha boma. Kukula kwa m'tawuni kumathandiza kuti chitsitsimutso cha malonda.

Kupanga chinthu chachikulu ndi ntchito entrepreneurial. Pamaso pa zodabwitsazi ndi khalidwe la anthu mafakitale. Mwachidule ubwenzi anafotokozedwa koyamba Austria ndi US zachuma Yozef Shumpeter. Mu chimangidwe njira ina ikupita kudzera zisinthe sayansi ndi luso. Kenako, nthawi pambuyo mafakitale, zomwe kale akukumana modernity.

ufulu anthu

Pamodzi mkubwela kwa anthu mafakitale ndi chikhalidwe kuyenda. Zimenezi zimathandiza anthu kuphwanya chimango cha kulili m'njira makolo khalidwe la Ages Middle ndi chuma agrarian. M'chigawo cha malire amaona pakati pa magulu. Iwo anataya Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira. M'mawu ena, anthu olemera ndi kukhala bwino mwa khama ndi luso, osati kuyang'ana pa chiyambi chake.

Zochita za anthu mafakitale ndi kukula kwambiri chuma, zimene zikuchitika likuvutika kuwonjezera chiwerengero cha akatswiri kwambiri oyenerera. M'dziko mu malo oyamba ndi luso ndi asayansi amene kudziwa za tsogolo la dziko. njirayi amatchedwanso technocracy ndi mphamvu luso. tanthauzo ndipo ntchito zofunika kwambiri amalonda, akatswiri malonda ndi anthu ena atanyamula udindo wapadera mu dongosolo chikhalidwe.

Lopinda limati national

Asayansi anatsimikiza kuti makhalidwe chachikulu cha anthu opanga yafupika chakuti mafakitale ndi sayansi dongosolo amakhala lalikulu m'madera onse a moyo kwa chikhalidwe chuma. Pamodzi ndi mizinda ndi kusintha kwa stratification chikhalidwe ndi zikamera wa mtundu limati, apangidwe padziko chinenero chimodzi. Komanso mbali yaikulu pa ntchito imeneyi masewero wapadera chikhalidwe mitundu.

Mu akale anthu agrarian, chinthu dziko sizinali choncho kwambiri. Mu maufumu Catholic XIV atumwi anali chofunika kwambiri kuposa ndiwe wa mbuye makamaka. Ngakhale asilikali analipo pa maziko a ntchito. Ndipo ndi m'zaka za m'ma XIX potsiriza anapanga mfundo ya asilikali national kuti asilikali aboma zida.

ntundu

Zikusintha zaziwerengero. Kodi makhalidwe zobisika za anthu mafakitale? Zizindikiro za kusintha ndi kusanduka chonde kuchepetsa m'banja pafupifupi. Anthu amataya nthawi yochuluka pa maphunziro awo, kusintha miyezo pankhani kupezeka kwa ana a. Zonsezi amakhudza chiwerengero cha ana limodzi la Agiriki "foni ya anthu".

Koma nthawi yomweyo imagwera ndi imfa. Ichi ndi chifukwa chitukuko cha mankhwala. Services madokotala ndi mankhwala zilipo kwa gawo lonse la anthu. Kumawonjezera moyo zaka zambiri. Anthu amafa akuluakulu okalamba kusiyana kwa achinyamata (mwachitsanzo, matenda kapena nkhondo).

anthu ogula

Zawachitikira anthu m'nyengo mafakitale kwachititsa kuti zikamera wa ogula anthu. Cholinga chachikulu cha ntchito anthu ake amakhala ndi chilakolako mmene ndingathere kugula ndi kugula. A mtundu dongosolo latsopano mfundo chamangidwa kuzungulira kufunika kwa chuma.

akuti anayamba ndi German Katswiri Erich Fromm. M'nkhaniyi, anatsindika kufunika kuchepetsa ntchito maola, kuwonjezera chiwerengero cha nthawi free, komanso blurring malire pakati pa makalasi. Amenewa ndi khalidwe la anthu mafakitale. Table limasonyeza mbali yaikulu ya nthawi chitukuko anthu.

pawailesi

Malongosoledwe tingachipeze powerenga za anthu mafakitale zimangokhala malo moyo wa limati kuti aliyense mowa ukuwonjezeka. Kupanga amayamba kudalira miyezo amene amasonyeza otchedwa misa chikhalidwe. Izi chodabwitsa - imodzi mwa mbali chidwi kwambiri pa anthu mafakitale.

Ndi chiyani icho? Misa chikhalidwe formulates maganizo zofunika ogula anthu m'nyengo mafakitale. Art amakhala mosavuta onse. Iwo wittingly kapena mosadziwa amalimbikitsa mfundo zina za khalidwe. Iwo angatchedwe zovala kapena moyo. Kumadzulo kuyanga chikhalidwe misa anali limodzi ndi malonda ake ndi chilengedwe zikusonyeza-malonda.

Chiphunzitso cha Dzhona Gelbreyta

anthu Industrial ankaphunzira asayansi ambiri a m'nthawi XX. Chimodzi mwa chuma olemekezeka zino ndi Dzhon Gelbreyt. Iye anafotokoza ena mwa malamulo lofunika kwambiri limene anakonza khalidwe la anthu mafakitale. Osachepera 7 mwa zinthu chiphunzitso wake anakhala yofunika kwambiri kuti latsopano sukulu zachuma ndi zochita za nthawi yathu.

Galbraith ankakhulupirira kuti chitukuko cha anthu mafakitale kwachititsa osati za kukhazikitsidwa kwa bizinesi, komanso chilengedwe cha owona. mabungwe akuluakulu mu zikhalidwe chuma msika ufulu kupeza chuma ndi kumvetsera mpikisano. Iwo kuletsa kupanga malonda, likulu, ndi patsogolo kwa sayansi.

Kulimbikitsa ntchito chuma cha boma

An khalidwe yofunika kwambiri ndi anthu mafakitale m'zaka za m'ma 20, malinga ndi mfundo Dzhona Gelbreyta ndi mu dziko ndi dongosolo ngati ubale pakati pa boma kumawonjezera alowererepo ake mu chuma. Lisanaperekedwe, mu agrarian Ages Middle mphamvu chabe analibe chuma ku kwambiri kusonkhezera msika. zinthu zosiyana kwambiri anthu mafakitale.

The Economist taonera mwini zamakono chitukuko m'nyengo yatsopano. Ndi mawu amenewa iye ankatanthauza ntchito mwadongosolo zinthu zatsopano kuntchito. Amafuna kusintha sayansi ndi luso kumabweretsa mfundo yakuti chuma cha boma bungwe mokondwera. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti iwo kukhala eni yopanga zikuchitika wapadera sayansi.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, Galbraith ankakhulupirira kuti pamene mafakitale bizinesi, ndi capitalists okha ataya chikoka chawo chakale. Tsopano, kukhala ndi ndalama sikutanthauza mphamvu ndi kufunika. M'malo mwake, eni kubwera kwa kutsogolo sayansi ndi luso akatswiri amene angathe kupereka latsopano zoyambitsidwa zamakono njira kupanga. Amenewa ndi khalidwe la anthu mafakitale. Malinga ndi ndondomeko Galbraith, kalasi kale ntchito ndi linasokoneza zinthu izi. Sefani asapita proletarians ndi capitalists alinkuthedwa kuyamika patsogolo luso ndi equalization la ndalama la ophunzirawo.