Oxides, salt, zapansi, zidulo. Katundu oxides, zapansi, zidulo, salt

Modern mankhwala sayansi zosiyanasiyana minda, ndipo aliyense wa iwo, kuwonjezera chimango ndi ongolankhula, n'kofunika kwambiri zothandiza othandiza. Kaya inu kukhudza, chirichonse pozungulira - mankhwala kupanga mankhwala. zigawo zikuluzikulu - ndi umagwirira zochita kupanga ndi organic. Taonani zimene makalasi waukulu wa mankhwala amatchedwa zochita kupanga, ndi chimene katundu ali.

Magulu waukulu wa mankhwala zochita kupanga

Kwa iwo analandira otsatirawa:

1. Oxides.
2. Salt.
3. Base.
4. Acid.

Aliyense wa magulu ukufanizidwa ndi lalikulu zosiyanasiyana mankhwala zochita kupanga ndipo ali ndi phindu pafupifupi mu dongosolo ntchito iliyonse zachuma ndi mafakitale wa munthu. katundu zonse zazikulu khalidwe la mankhwala awa, kukhala mu chikhalidwe ndi ndiyotani anaphunzira njira umagwirira sukulu ndi kuvomerezedwa mu sukulu 8-11.

Pali tebulo ambiri oxides, salt, zapansi, zidulo, amene ali zitsanzo za aliyense wa zinthu ndi mkhalidwe wawo wa loitanirana, pokhala mu chikhalidwe. A limasonyezanso mogwirizana kwa kufotokoza katundu mankhwala. Komabe, tiona aliyense wa magulu mosiyana ndi mwatsatanetsatane.

A gulu la mankhwala - oxides

Oxides - ndi gulu la mankhwala zochita kupanga wopangidwa mwa zinthu ziwiri (bayinare), mmodzi wa amene nthawi zonse O (mpweya) kuchokera makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma m'munsi -2, chitaima m'malo wachiwiri wazotsatira chilinganizo pawiri. Chitsanzo: N ₂ O _5, CaO ndi zina zotero.

oxides The anawagawira motere.

I. Nesoleobrazuyuschie - si angathe kupanga salt.

II. Salt-kupanga - amatha kupanga salt (ndi zapansi, ndi amphoteric mankhwala ndi zidulo mnzake).

1. Acid - pamene anaika mu madzi kupanga zidulo. Nonmetals zambiri anapanga kapena zitsulo ndi NKHA mkulu (makutidwe ndi okosijeni).
2. Ofunika - mawonekedwe m'munsi pa madzi umalowa. Anapanga zitsulo amafotokozera.
3. Amphoteric - kusonyeza asidi-m'munsi awiri chilengedwe zomwe anatsimikiza ndi zinthu anachita. Anapanga kusintha zitsulo.
4. Obwerawa - nthawi zambiri zinkakambidwa pofuna kuphatikizapo zinthu aumbike mwa madera osiyanasiyana makutidwe ndi okosijeni.

Apamwamba okusayidi - ndi okusayidi, mmene membala kupanga ali mu mkhalidwe pazipita makutidwe ndi okosijeni. CHITSANZO: Te ^_+6. Pakuti tellurium pazipita makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma +6, zikutanthauza TeO ₃ - okusayidi kuposa chinthu ichi. Dongosolo nthawi ya zinthu kwa gulu lirilonse lalembedwa ambiri wazotsatira chilinganizo kusonyeza okusayidi chapamwamba kwa zinthu onse pagulupo, koma subgroup chachikulu. Mwachitsanzo, gulu loyamba la zinthu (zitsulo soda) ndi chilinganizo cha mawonekedwe R ₂ O, zimene zikusonyeza kuti mbali zonse za subgroup waukulu wa gululi ndi chilinganizo ngati ndi apamwamba okusayidi. CHITSANZO: RB ₂ O, CS ₂ O ndi zina zotero.

timapeza hydroxide ofanana Pa okusayidi apamwamba kusungunuka m'madzi (soda, asidi kapena hydroxide amphoteric).

oxides makhalidwe

Oxides chingakhale boma lililonse la loitanirana pa zinthu wamba. Ambiri a iwo ali olimba crystalline kapena ufa mawonekedwe (CaO, SiO ₂₎ ena NKHA (oxides acid) zopezeka mu mawonekedwe a zakumwa (MN ₂ O ₇₎ ndi mpweya (NO, NO _2). Ichi ndi chifukwa kapangidwe galasi latisi. Choncho, kusiyana mfundo otentha ndi mfundo limatsogolera kuti zimasiyana mwa oimira wosiyana -272 ⁰ C kwa 70-80 ⁰ C (ndi zina apamwamba). The solubility mu madzi zimasiyanasiyana.

1. Sungunuka - oxides zofunika zitsulo, lotchedwa zamchere, dziko zamchere, ndi asidi ena onse kuposa okusayidi pakachitsulo (IV).
2. Insoluble - amphoteric oxides, zonse zoyambirira zina ndi SiO _2.

Kodi oxides anatani?

Oxides, salt, zapansi, zidulo kuonetsa katundu zofanana. General katundu wa pafupifupi onse oxides (kupatula nesoleobrazuyuschih) - mphamvu chifukwa cha ankachita yeniyeni kupanga salt zosiyanasiyana. Komabe, aliyense gulu la oxides lililonse makhalidwe awo enieni mankhwala kuwalitsa katundu.

The katundu wa magulu osiyana oxides

oxides Basic - chala	Acidic oxides - NKHA	Wapawiri (amphoteric) okusayidi - AO	oxides alibe kupanga salt
1. Anachita Atamva ndi madzi: mapangidwe alkalis (oxides zitsulo soda ndi zamchere lapansi) FR 2 O + madzi = 2FrOH 2. Anachita Atamva acid ndi: mapangidwe a mchere ndi madzi asidi + Ine + N O = H 2 O + mchere 3. Chisoni ndi NKHA, mapangidwe salt ndi madzi lifiyamu okusayidi + okusayidi asafe (V) = 2LiNO 3 4. Zimene chifukwa zinthu zimene kusintha NKHA Ine + N O + C = ine + NKHA 0	1. Reagent madzi: Asidiyu mapangidwe (SiO 2 kupatulapo) NKHA + madzi = asidi 2. Anachita Atamva ndi zapansi: NKHA 2 + 2CsOH = CS 2 NKHA 3 + H 2 O 3. Anachita Atamva ndi oxides yakuti: mchere mapangidwe P 2 O 5 + 3MnO = MN 3 (PO 3) 2 4. Anachita Atamva OVR: NKHA 2 + 2Ca = C + 2CaO,	Kuonetsa katundu wapawiri kucheza pa maziko a njira asidi-m'munsi (ndi zidulo, alkalis, oxides zikuluzikulu ndi oxides acid). Popeza madzi salowa nawo. 1. Ndi asidi ndi: mapangidwe a mchere ndi madzi AO + asidi = mchere + H 2 O 2. zapansi (soda): mapangidwe hydroxo Al 2 O 3 + LiOH + madzi = Li [Al (o) 4] 3. Chisoni ndi oxides acidic: Kukonzekera salt FeO + CHONCHO 2 = FeSO 3 4. Chisoni ndi GA: mapangidwe salt maphatikizidwe MnO + RB 2 O = RB 2 awiri mchere MnO 2 5. Anachita Atamva maphatikizidwe ndi alkalis ndi carbonates soda zitsulo monga salt mapangidwe Al 2 O 3 + 2LiOH = 2LiAlO 2 + H 2 O	Kupanga kapena zidulo kapena alkalis. Kuonetsa katundu yeniyeni pang'ono.

Aliyense okusayidi chapamwamba kupangidwa ngati chitsulo ndi nonmetal, kotero mu madzi, amapereka asidi amphamvu kapena soda.

organic zidulo ndi zochita kupanga

Mu phokoso chakale (potengera udindo ED - electrolytic dissociation - Svante Arrhenius acid) - pawiri izi mu sing'anga amadzimadzi kuti dissociate ndi H ⁺ cations ndi anions asidi zatsalira An ^-. Koma masiku ano, ankaphunzira acid ndi m'mikhalidwe anhydrous, choncho pali zambiri ziphunzitso zosiyana kwa hydroxides.

Wazotsatira oxides chilinganizo, zapansi, zidulo, salt anawonjezera okha mwa zizindikiro zinthu ndi zolozera zimasonyeza chiwerengero chawo mu thunthu. Mwachitsanzo, zidulo zochita kupanga zowonetseredwa ndi chilinganizo H ⁺ asidi zotsalira ^n-. zinthu Organic ndi osiyana sanjira ongolankhula. Kuwonjezera wazotsatira, akhoza kulembedwa kwa zodzaza ndi condensed structural kachitidwe, umene kusonyeza osati kapangidwe ndi kuchuluka kwa maselo, koma dongosolo la dongosolo la atomu, ubale wawo kwa wina ndi mzake ndi waukulu zinchito gulu zidulo carboxylic -COOH.

Mu inorganics onse zidulo m'magulu awiri:

• anoxic - HBr, HCN, HCL ndi ena;
• mpweya (oxo zidulo) - HClO ₃ ndi zonse pamene pali mpweya.

Komanso zidulo zochita kupanga wachinsinsi ndi mtendere (khola kapena khola - onse kupatula carbonic ndi sulphurous, oyaka kapena kusokonekera - khala ndi sulphurous). Ndi mphamvu ya zidulo amphamvu zingakhale: sulfuric, amathiridwa, nitric, perchloric, ndi ena, komanso ofooka: sulfide wa hydrogen, ndi hypochlorous ndi ena.

Ndi amenewa zosiyanasiyana amapereka umagwirira organic. The zidulo amene ali organic mu chirengedwe, ndi zidulo carboxylic. wamba Mbali awo - pamaso pa zinchito gulu COOH. Mwachitsanzo, HCOOH (formic), _CH3 COOH (asidi acetic), C ₁₇ H ₃₅ COOH (stearic acid) ndi ena.

Pali zidulo, yomwe imayang'ana makamaka samalani tikaonetsetsa phunziro ili mu Inde umagwirira sukulu.

1. Salt.
2. Nitric.
3. Phosphoric.
4. Hydrobromic.
5. Malasha.
6. Hydroiodic.
7. Sulfuric.
8. asidi acetic kapena ethane.
9. Byuteni kapena mafuta.
10. Benzoic asidi.

10 zidulo pochita umagwirira zinthu lolingana kalasi mu njira sukulu, ndi onse, makampani ndi syntheses.

Katundu zidulo zochita kupanga

The katundu waukulu thupi ziyenera kuti Choyamba boma zosiyanasiyana loitanirana. Inde, pali zidulo ndi mawonekedwe timibulu kapena ufa (boric, phosphoric) m'mikhalidwe ochiritsira. Ambiri zidulo odziwika bwino zochita kupanga ndi madzimadzi osiyana. Otentha ndi kusungunuka kutentha zosiyanasiyana.

Acid angathe kuyambitsa zilonda zamoto, popeza ali ndi mphamvu kuwononga minofu organic ndi khungu. Pakuti kudziwika zidulo ntchito zizindikiro:

• methyl lalanje (mu chilengedwe mwachizolowezi - lalanje ku asidi - wofiira)
• Litmus (mu ndale - violet ku asidi - wofiira) kapena ena.

The katundu wofunika kwambiri mankhwala monga luso kucheza ndi mankhwala onse yosavuta zovuta.

The katundu mankhwala zidulo zochita kupanga

Kodi kucheza	Chitsanzo cha zimene
1. Ndi zitsulo kosavuta mankhwala. Precondition: zitsulo ayenera kuima EHRNM kuti hayidirojeni, kotero zitsulo, wa hydrogen atamuimika, sangathe aithamangitse izo ku chidulo. Zimene nthawizonse aumbike mwa mawonekedwe a mpweya wa hydrogen ndi mchere.	HCL + AL = zotayidwa mankhwala enaake + H 2
2. zapansi. The chifukwa cha zimene muli mchere ndi madzi. Zimenezi zidulo amphamvu ndi alkalis amatchedwa zosiyanasiyana neutralization.	asidi iliyonse (mphamvu) = + sungunuka m'munsi mchere ndi madzi
3. amphoteric hydroxides. Subtotal: mchere ndi madzi.	2 + 2HNO beryllium hydroxide = kukhala (NO 2) 2 (pafupifupi mchere) + 2H 2 O
4. oxides zofunika. Subtotal: madzi, mchere.	2HCL + FeO = chitsulo mankhwala enaake (II) + H 2 O
5. amphoteric oxides. Total kuti: mchere ndi madzi.	2HI + ZnO = ZnI 2 + H 2 O
6. salt anapanga zidulo ofooka. Total kuti: mchere ndi asidi chofooka.	2HBr + MgCO 3 = mankhwala enaake a bromide + H 2 O + NKHA 2

Pamene zimavuta ndi zitsulo kuchita zimenezi si zidulo onse. Mankhwala (kalasi 9) kusukulu kumaphatikizapo phunziro losaya kwambiri mosiyanasiyana choncho, ndi pa pamlingo wotere ankaona katundu enieni nitric anaikira ndi chidulo cha safuriki, mmene anachitira ndi zitsulo.

Hydroxides: soda, ndi insoluble zapansi amphoteric

Oxides, salt, zapansi, zidulo - onse magulu awa chinthu chimodzi mankhwala chikhalidwe cha dongosolo galasi latisi chafotokozedwa, komaso tonse maatomu mu mamolekyulu lapansi. Komabe, ngati izo zikanakhala zotheka kupereka tanthauzo kwenikweni kwa okusayidi, ndiye asidi ndi tsinde kuchita izo molimba.

Monga zidulo, zapansi pa chiphunzitso cha ED ndi zinthu angathe zasintha mu amadzimadzi njira ndi cations zitsulo Ine ^{N +} ndipo anions gidroksogrupp HA ^-.

Kugawidwa ndi gulu m'munsi motere:

• Sungunuka kapena soda (zizindikiro amphamvu m'munsi kusintha mtundu). Anapanga zitsulo Ine, magulu II. Chitsanzo: KOH, NaOH, LiOH (i.e. zinalembedwa chachikulu chokha gulu zinthu);
• Bwino sungunuka kapena insoluble (mphamvu sing'anga, sasintha mtundu wa zizindikiro). Chitsanzo: mankhwala enaake a hydroxide, chitsulo (II), (III), ndipo ena.
• Maselo (ofooka m'munsi mu sing'anga amadzimadzi reversibly dissociate mu molekyulu ayoni). Chitsanzo: N ₂ H _4, amines, ammonia.
• hydroxides Amphoteric (wapawiri chionetsero katundu m'munsi-acid). Chitsanzo: zotayidwa hydroxide, beryllium, nthaka ndi zina zotero.

Gulu lirilonse anapereka anaphunzira Maphunziro zimapangidwira mu "Grounds". Umagwirira Maphunziro 8-9 kumaphatikizapo phunziro mwatsatanetsatane za mankhwala pang'ono sungunuka ndi alkalies.

Waukulu khalidwe mbali ya malo

Zonse mankhwala soda ndi sungunuka zopezeka mu chikhalidwe m'chigawo olimba crystalline. Limatsogolera kutentha kwa hydroxides zawo zambiri otsika, ndi bwino sungunuka kuwola ndinso pamene mkangano. Mtundu malo osiyana. Ngati soda timibulu woyera wa zapansi ndi bwino sungunuka ndi maselo akhoza mitundu yosiyana kwambiri. The solubility wa mankhwala ambiri a kalasi Tingaone mu tebulo, amene akupereka chilinganizo oxides, zapansi, zidulo, salt, solubility awo kukuonetsedwa.

Alkalis angathe kusintha mtundu wa zizindikiro motere: phenolphthalein - kapezi, methyl lalanje - wachikasu. Izi ndi anaonetsetsa ndi kukhalapo gidroksogrupp ufulu mu njira. Choncho bwino sungunuka m'munsi maganizo musataye.

The katundu mankhwala lililonse gulu la zapansi osiyana.

katundu mankhwala
alkalis	zapansi pang'ono sungunuka	hydroxides amphoteric
I. anachitira ndi NKHA (okwana -hydrochloric ndi madzi): 2LiOH + CHONCHO 3 = Li 2 4 + madzi II. Anachitira ndi asidi ndi (mchere ndi madzi): ochiritsira neutralization anachita (onani zidulo) III. Kucheza ndi AO kupanga hydroxo mchere ndi madzi: 2NaOH + Ine + N O = Na 2 Ine + N O 2 + H 2 O, kapena Na 2 [Ine + N (o) 4] IV. Kucheza ndi hydroxides amphoteric kupanga salt gidroksokompleksnyh: Mofanana ndi AD, koma wopanda madzi V. anachitira ndi mchere sungunuka kupanga hydroxides insoluble ndi mchere: 3CsOH + chitsulo mankhwala enaake (III) = Fe (o) 3 + 3CsCl VI. Kucheza ndi nthaka ndi zotayidwa mu amadzimadzi njira kupanga salt ndi wa hydrogen: 2RbOH + 2Al + madzi = complexed ndi hydroxide ion 2Rb [Al (o) 4] + 3H 2	I. Pamene mkangano degradability: = Insoluble hydroxide okusayidi + madzi II. Zochita ndi asidi ndi (okwana: mchere ndi madzi): Fe (o) 2 + 2HBr = FeBr 2 + madzi III. Kucheza ndi NKHA: Ine + N (o) N + G = NKHA + H 2 O	I. Iwo anatani ndi zidulo kupanga salt ndi madzi: Hydroxide, mkuwa (II) + 2HBr = CuBr 2 + madzi II. Umakaphatikizana ndi alkalis: okwana - Salt ndi madzi (chikhalidwe: maphatikizidwe) Zn (o) 2 + 2CsOH = G + 2H 2 O III. Amachitira ndi hydroxides amphamvu: chifukwa - mchere, ngati mmene amapezeka mu amadzimadzi njira: Kr (o) 3 + 3RbOH = RB 3 [Kr (o) 6]

Izi kwambiri kwa katundu mankhwala maziko kudzionetsera. Umagwirira zapansi yosavuta amamvera malamulo onse a mankhwala zochita kupanga.

Maphunziro zochita kupanga salt. Gawo, thupi katundu

Yachokera pa malo ED, salt zochita kupanga akhoza kutchulidwa mankhwala mu amadzimadzi njira kuti dissociate zitsulo cations Ine ^{+ n} anions ndi anions An ^n-. Kotero inu mukhoza kulingalira mchere. Khama la mankhwala amapereka osati mmodzi koma izi molondola kwambiri.

Pankhaniyi, monga mwa chikhalidwe chawo mankhwala, salt onse anawagawa:

• Acidic (ndi cations ongokhala wa hydrogen). CHITSANZO: NaHSO _4.
  
• Kiyi (likupezeka mbali ya gidroksogrupp). CHITSANZO: MgOHNO _3, FeOHCL _2.
• Avereji (ankalemba yekha wa cation zitsulo ndi zotsalira acid). CHITSANZO: NaCL, CaSO _4.
• Wapawiri (monga awiri osiyana zitsulo cation). CHITSANZO: NaAl (CHONCHO _{4) 3.}
• Zovuta (hydroxo, Aqua maofesi ndi ena). Chitsanzo: K ₂ [Fe (CN) _4].

Chilinganizo salt kusonyeza mankhwala chikhalidwe chawo, komanso nkhani za Mkhalidwe ndi kachulukidwe zikuchokera molekyulu ndi.

Oxides, salt, zapansi, zidulo ndi luso losiyana solubility, amene angaonedwe mu tebulo ziwalo.

Ngati ife kulankhula za mmene loitanirana salt, m'pofunika kusunga chongosangalatsa awo. Iwo unalipo mu olimba, crystalline kapena mtundu ufa. Mtundu osiyanasiyana ndi osiyanasiyana ndithu. Njira ya mchere zovuta zambiri ndi yowala zimalimbikitsa mitundu.

Chemical mogwirizana salt kalasi sing'anga

Ndi ofanana katundu mankhwala maziko a, salt acid. Oxides, monga Takambirana kale, akusiyanako iwo pa chinthu ichi.

Onse tingaone 4 Mitundu ya ankachita kwa salt sing'anga.

I. ankachita ndi zidulo (champhamvu chomwe mawu a ED) kupanga mchere wina ndi asidi chofooka:

KCNS + HCL = KCL + HCNS

II. Zochita ndi hydroxides ndi maonekedwe a salt sungunuka ndi zapansi insoluble:

CuSO ₄ + 2LiOH = 2LiSO _{sungunuka mchere 4} + Cu (o) _{2 insoluble m'munsi}

III. Mogwirizana ndi sungunuka mchere ena kupanga insoluble ndi sungunuka salt:

PbCL ₂ + Na ₂ S = PBS + 2NaCL

IV. Zochita ndi zitsulo, akukumana mu EHRNM kumanzere kuti ndipamene mchere. Pankhaniyi zitsulo ukubwera ayenera samva pa zinthu wamba zongogwa ndi madzi:

Mg wa + 2AgCL = MgCL ₂ + 2Ag

Izi ndi mitundu ikuluikulu ya ankachita amene khalidwe la salt yachibadwa. Chilinganizo zovuta mchere, zoyambirira, acidic ndi iwiri zikuyendera za kulunjika anasonyeza katundu mankhwala.

oxides chilinganizo, zapansi, zidulo, salt kusonyeza chikhalidwe mankhwala oimira onse magulu awa mankhwala zochita kupanga, ndi Komanso kupereka lingaliro la chuma mutu ndi katundu thupi. Choncho, analemba ayenera kusamalira kwambiri. A yaikulu zosiyanasiyana mankhwala ambiri amatipatsa ndi sayansi chodabwitsa - zimapangidwira. Oxides, zidulo, salt - ndi mbali yokhayo zosiyanasiyana kwambiri.