Tyuring Alan: yonena, photos, ntchito. Muzipereka kwa Science Computer

Alan Mathison Turing - otchuka padziko lonse wasayansi wa namatetule, ndi Bakuman, mpainiya wa sayansi kompyuta, munthu ndi tsogolo chodabwitsa, zomwe yathandiza kwambiri pa chitukuko cha makompyuta.

Alan Turing: yochepa yonena

Alan Mathison Turing anabadwa mu London pa June 23, 1912. atate wake Yulius Tyuring anali msilikali atsamunda amene tinapirira utumiki womwe India. Kumeneko anakumana ndipo anakwatiwa mayi Alan a - Ethel Sara. Makolo zinali kalekale wokhala India monga ana (Alan ndi Yohane, m'bale wake wamkulu) anaphunzitsa m'nyumba ku England, kumene iwo analandira kukula kwambiri.

umatha kumupatsa sayansi , Alan anasonyeza kamodzi pa masanje. Kuti akondweretse atate wake, mnyamatayo wopepuka pokambirana akhoza kupeza uchi. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, iye agona mizere imene njuchi anali akuwuluka, ndi malangizo a ndege zawo. Kenako maganizo anakafika mizere iyi, ndinapeza mfundo yawo mphambano, anapeza m'dzenje ndi uchi.

bwino kwambiri kwa sayansi yeniyeni Alan anaonekera pa maphunziro ake pa yapamwamba Shernborskoy sukulu. Mu 1931, monga masamu katswiri mnyamata anapitiriza maphunziro ake ku College Mfumu, Cambridge University. Mu nkhani yolembedwa lake pa mapeto a chapakati malire Lingaliro Lovomerezeka la Mwina, amene anadziwa, osadziwa za kuli ofanana ntchito m'mbuyomu. Kusukulu, Alan anali mu College Science wa anthu, nkhani yolembedwa wake anali kupereka mphoto wapadera. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti mnyamatayo mwayi wabwino kuti maphunziro ndi kudzisangalatsa yekha kukwaniritsidwa m'munda wa sayansi yeniyeni.

Turing makina

Mu 1935, wasayansi Alan Tyuring woyamba kugwiritsa ntchito maluso awo kumunda maganizo masamu ndipo anayamba kuchita kafukufuku amene anasonyeza chaka zotsatirapo zikuluzikulu. Iye anaonetsa maganizo ntchito computable, sipangakhalenso akuyendera pa otchedwa Turing makina. Bukuli pogwiritsa ali mbali zonse zoyambirira za zitsanzo amakono (sitepe ndi sitepe zochita kukumbukira, ulamuliro mapulogalamu) komanso anali zinachitika pa kompyuta digito, anatulukira Patapita zaka khumi. Mu 1936, masamu Alan Turing anasamukira ku America ndipo anakakhala curator pa University Princeton, mu 1938 anali kupereka mlingo wa dokotala wa nzeru ndipo anabwerera ku Cambridge, anakana masamu John Von Neumann kukhala ndi ntchito kusukulu monga thandizo.

ntchito British "Chotambala"

Mu nthawi yomweyo, Britain analengeza Launch cha machitidwe "Chotambala", cholinga chimene chinali wiretaps oyendetsa German ndi kumasulira kwawo. nkhani nawo ili mu London ofesi ya kusukulu ya boma ya zizindikiro ndi ciphers (kubisa Chief wa nzeru wagawo British), chimene chiri chifukwa kuopseza adani lopondereza anali mwachangu anatengedwa kuti Bletchley Park, yomwe ili pakati pa England.

Lero nyumba Museum wa coders ndi makompyuta. Ilo liri mu malo awa chinsinsi intercepted kulandira okwerera analandira nzeru tsiku ndi tsiku; chiwerengero cha mauthenga yosiyanasiyana zikwi mayunitsi. Pakuti lemba lililonse ukubwera atathana: wailesi pafupipafupi, tsiku, nthawi ya kudutsana ndi FUNDO. Chakumapeto munali Mayina a maukonde, kuitana chizindikiro cha siteshoni kulandiridwa ndi sender, nthawi kutumiza mauthenga.

Winston Churchill - British Nduna - anaitana Bletch Park nkhuku zanu kuti niikira golide. The woyang'anira ntchito ndi Alastair Denniston - msirikali wakale wa nzeru asilikali. Ndodo cryptanalysts anapeza ogwira palibe nzeru ndi akatswiri a mbiri lonse: masamu, akatswiri a zinenero, Chess, Egyptologists, akatswiri kuthetsa masamu crossword. Chonchi gulu osiyanasiyana ndi luso anali masamu Alan Turing.

Turing za "chosamvetsetseka"

Division Turing mlandu ntchito yapadera: ntchito ndi lemba encrypted, kulenga chipangizo "chosamvetsetseka" - makina, okhala mu Netherlands mu 1917 ndipo poyamba n'cholinga chofuna kuteteza ntchito kubanki. zitsanzo izi mwachangu ntchito kufalitsa mauthenga pa wailesi Wehrmacht maopareshoni ochitidwa ndi bulu ndi mpweya mphamvu. Ciphers "chosamvetsetseka" kuti chiyambi cha nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse anali amphamvu kwambiri padziko lapansili. Iye akhapidziwa ngakhale kuti osokoneza iwo kovuta.

Kumvetsa malemba ndiyotengera, chofunika kuti makina chomwecho, kudziwa zoikamo wapachiyambi, kutseka makalata m'njira inayake mu gulu aya, ndi chirichonse kuthamanga zosiyana. Mu mtengo uwu adzanyamula kukumbukira kuti mfundo za makiyi kubisa ndipo anasintha kamodzi pa tsiku. Encrypting ndi Wehrmacht anayesa kusokoneza njira za kufala yokha cryptanalysis: Uthenga Utali sayenera upambana zilembo 250, ndi kuwapatsa makalata a magulu 3-5.

Kugwira ntchito mwakhama cryptographers kutsogoleredwa ndi Turing anali opambana: iwo unalengedwa chipangizo kuti akhoza decode ndi chizindikiro "chosamvetsetseka." Kuwonjezera osiyanasiyana zidule masamu, monga nsonga ntchito chimodzimodzi stereotyped mawu amene bwino ndi Germany, ndipo mawu alionse mobwerezabwereza. Ngati nsonga sizinakukwanire, mdani wa kuwapsetsa. Mwachitsanzo, mu zisonga ncho mbali ina ya nyanja, ndipo anamvera mawu a ku Germany pa chochitika ichi.

Bwino Alan Turing

Chifukwa pogwira ntchito ya kalavulagaga 1940 izo unakhazikitsidwa cryptanalytic Alan Turing Machine "bomba" imene ili yaikulu nduna (kulemera - tani imodzi, ndi gulu kutsogolo - 2 × 3 meters, ozungulira magulu 36 pomwepo). Kugwiritsa ntchito chipangizo ichi amafuna luso ndipo mwachindunji amadalira chiyeneretso cha anthu ndi utumiki. Mu Bletchley Park ndi nthawi unakhazikitsidwa oposa mazana awiri makina amenewa kuti kulola kumvetsa za 2-3 zikwi pa tsiku.

Tyuring Alan anasangalala ndi ntchito yawo ndi zotsatira zimatheka. Iwo okha anakwiyitsa makonsolo ndi kudula ndalama zawo. Mwamwayi, patapita mndandanda wa anakwiya boma zolemba ntchito anatenga ulamuliro wa Winston Churchill, kuonjezera ndalama zake. "Chosamvetsetseka" kubisa ndi makina ena German adakhala wothyoledwa, adani anatha kudziwa otaya yosalala nzeru zopindulitsa.

Germany kuposa chaka sanadziwe za moyo wa "Mabomba", ndi kupeza kutayikira, anayesetsa kwambiri kuti azipeza zonse zimene kubisa.

Komabe, Turing si mantha: n'zosavuta kuthana ndi vuto atsopano, ndipo pasanathe masabata asanu ndi British anali wodziwa zambiri mdani.

Mtheradi kudalirika cipher panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri si chikaiko, dziko la Germany, mpaka mapeto a zofufuza chifukwa cha kutayikira wa mfundo zothandiza kulikonse, osati mu "chosamvetsetseka". Kuwulura "chosamvetsetseka" kachidindo ukasintha anasintha ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. mfundo zothandiza osati kuthandiza kuteteza British Isles, komanso kuphunzitsa zoyenera ntchito zikuluzikulu pa kulalikira, inakonzedwa ndi ku Germany. cryptographers British bwino inali Athandiza Kwambiri kugonjetsa Nazism, ndi Tyuring Alan mwachindunji mu 1946 analandira mphoto mu Order wa Britain.

Eccentricities kompyuta namatetule

M'nthawi anafotokoza Turing monga munthu pang'ono eccentric, si wokongola, wokongola ndulu ndi umasinthasintha mwakhama.

• Popeza matupi awo sagwirizana, Tyuring Alan Antihistamine yochezera chigoba. Mu izo, iye anapita ku ofesi ya zomera maluwa. Mwina anafotokoza kusafuna wa strangeness kutengera mavuto mankhwala - ndicho, tulo.
• Chinthu china analipo masamu poyerekezera ndi njinga yake, yomwe pa intervals ena anaulukira unyolo. Tyuring Alan, wosafuna kuti athane ndi Lidzatero ake, ganizo akutembenukira pedals pa nthawi yoyenera ndi kufika ku njinga unyolo kuwongola manja.
• makapu omwe Bletchley Park, wasayansi ndi luso analimatika pa dera batire, kuti sanali chandalama.
• Kukhala Cambridge, Alan konse wotchi kwa nthawi yolondola, anaganiza kuti maganizo, kukonza malo nyenyezi zina.
• Kamodzi Alan anaphunzira za kugwa kumene ndi mapaundi British, iye anachotsa ndalama zilipo ndipo anaika chifukwa siliva bullion penapake paki, kenako amamuiwala pobisalira.
• Turing anali wothamanga wabwino. Kumamverera kufunika mlandu, anathamanga mtunda wautali, kudzisankhira kuti katswiri masewerawo. Ndiye, mu nthawi mbiri Ine anapambana 3- ndi 10 mailosi mtunda wa gululi, ndipo mu 1947 pachikhalidwe chachisanu mu mpikisano wa.

Eccentricities wa Alan Turing, amene ntchito makamaka kwa Britain, ochepa achititsa adzadabwitsa. anzake ambiri kumbukirani chisangalalo ndi changu zimene kompyuta sayansi namatetule ananyamula chidwi lingaliro lake. Turing amaonedwa ndi ulemu waukulu, monga iye anaima m'maganizo ndi maganizo ndi nzeru zanu. A masamu luso, kukhala ndi makings onse mphunzitsi wodziwa angathe kuthetsa ndi kufotokoza aliwonse, ngakhale ntchito wodabwitsa.

Alan Turing: chopereka kwa sayansi kompyuta

Mu 1945, Alan anakana ntchito lecturer pa University Cambridge, ndi pa umboni wa M. Newman m'gulu la National thupi Laboratory, umene panthawi imeneyo anapanga gulu analinganiza ndi chilengedwe cha Ace - kompyuta. Patangotha zaka 3 (1945 mpaka mu 1948) - nthawi ya kukhalapo kwa gulu - Turing anapanga zina zachidule, anaperekanso malangizo ena ofunika kwa kamangidwe kake.

Report pa Ace wasayansi anapereka komiti wamkulu wa NFL March 19, 1946. Mu ndi mawu pansiyi Ufumuyo kuti ntchito zachokera EDVAG ntchito. Koma ntchitoyi anali ambiri malingaliro wapatali a mwachindunji kwa masamu English.

Mapulogalamu kompyuta woyambirira olembedwa Alan Tyuring. Kompyuta popanda ntchito kalavulagaga a katswiri wodziwa sanathe afika msinkhu monga lero. Pa nthawi yomweyo, ndipo woyamba pulogalamu Chess linalembedwa.

Mu September 1948, Alan Turing, amene yonena ali moyo anali kugwirizana ndi masamu, anasamutsa ntchito pa yunivesite ya Manchester. Lokha, anaikidwa wachiwiri wotsogolera wa makompyuta a labu, mu Chiwerengero chomwecho mu dipatimenti masamu a M. Newman, ndipo anachititsa mapulogalamu.

tsoka nthabwala

English masamu, amene anapitiriza pambuyo pa nkhondo, ntchito ndi nzeru, anabweretsedwa ku ntchito yatsopano: kwa kumvetsa malamulo Soviet. Pa nthawi imeneyi, tsoka ankaimba nthabwala wankhanza ndi Turing. Tsiku lina nyumba yake achifwamba. Wakuba anasiya CHENJEZO anali kwambiri osafunika ku polisi, koma anakwiya Alan Turing yomweyo kuti malo. M'kupita kwa kufufuza izo anapezeka kuti mbala bwenzi la wokonda Alan a. Pa umboni Turing anavomera kugonana amuna kapena akazi awo, kuti mu zaka anali kukhumudwa wachifwamba England.

Mokweza mlandu wa akatswiri odziwika bwino kupitiriza kwa nthawi yaitali. Anaitanidwa zaka ziwiri m'ndende okhutira, kapena mankhwala timadzi kuchotsa chilakolako chogonana.

Alan Turing (chithunzi pamwambapa chaka chatha) anasankha kutumikira Yehova. Chifukwa cha mankhwalawa mankhwala amphamvu kwambiri, yomwe inatenga chaka, pa Turing anayamba kusabala, ndi gynecomastia (chifuwa kukulitsa). Criminally kuzunzidwa Alan anachotsedwa ntchito chinsinsi. Komanso, British ankaopa kuti amuna akhoza anatengedwa ndi azondi Soviet. Scientist mlandu akazitape si, koma choletsedwa kukambirana ntchito yake pa Bletchley Park.

Apple Alan Turing

Nkhani za Alan Turing osasangalatsa kwathunthu: inde masamu anachotsedwa ntchito ndipo amaletsedwa kuphunzitsa. mbiri yake ankaphunzitsa kuonongeka. Pa 41 mnyamatayo anaponyedwa m'nyanja kayendedwe tsiku ndi tsiku, opanda ntchito wake wokondedwa, ndi psyche anavulazidwa ndi thanzi uwonongedwe. Mu 1954, Alan Turing, amene yonena ndipo tsopano amagwidwa maganizo a anthu ambiri, anapezeka akufa kwawo, ndi pa nightstand pambali pa bedi kuyika apulo alumidwa. Mwamwayi kenako, iwo anali odzaza ndi cyanide. Popeza Alan Turing kulengedwanso ndi zochitika ku maphwando a mumaikonda nthano "Chipale White" mu 1937. Malinga ndi malipoti ena, n'chifukwa chake zipatso wakhala chizindikiro cha dziko wotchuka "Apple" kampani kompyuta. Komanso, Apple akadali chizindikiro cha uchimo, nzeru za m'Baibulo.

Baibulo boma cha imfa ya masamu luso - kudzipha. mayi Alan a ankakhulupirira kuti poyizoni anali ngozi, chifukwa Alan nthawi mosadziwa ntchito mankhwala. Pali lomwe Turing mwadala njira iyi ya akuthawira moyo kulola amayi sakhulupirira kudzipha.

Konzanso wa masamu English

The masamu chachikulu anapulumutsa ndi kumukonzanso atamwalira. Mu 2009, nduna British Gordon Brown ali poyera anapepesa chifukwa cha kuzunzidwa ndi sayansi kompyuta mwapang'ono. Mu 2013, Turing inali yololedwa wakhululukidwa pa milandu ya zolaula Elizabeth II - Mfumukazi ya Great Britain.

ntchito Alan Turing a chagona pa chitukuko cha luso mudziwe: kumapeto kwa moyo wa wasayansi anadzipereka mafunso a zamoyo, ndicho - anayamba kukhala chiphunzitso mankhwala morphogenesis, amene anapereka kusewera zonse kuti kuphatikiza kwa luso molondola ndi mphatso masamu, katswiri wa nzeru zonse za maganizo pachiyambi. The zina zachidule loyamba la chiphunzitso anafotokoza mu lipoti kuyambirira wa 1952 ndi lipoti, amene anaonekera atamwalira wasayansi a.

The mphoto zapamwamba m'munda wa sayansi ya kompyuta ndi "Turing linapereka". mphoto yake anapanga chaka Association kwa Computing Machinery. Maulalo mphoto imeneyi, kuchuluka kwa zomwe panopa waima pa 250, 000, pa bungwe Google ndi Intel. Woyamba wa totere mphoto zofunika mu 1966 anali kupereka wa Alan Perlis polenga ankalemba.