Kutsegula ofufuza ku America South

List ofufuza ku America South ndi yaikulu kwambiri. Pamene ndi amene anatsegula Africa izi? Ngakhale ana asukulu kudziwa kuti izo zinali Hristofor Kolumb. Koma palibe, mulibe asayansi aakulu, ndi pali kukayikira pa nkhani imeneyi. Mwina opandamantha ofufuza oyambirira Middle Ages, ndi Normandy, adapezeka la Greenland ndi gombe la North America kale Columbus. Kapena zombo Chinese anawoloka Pacific Ocean ndi kuti amalinyero ya zakuthambo Ufumu ndi ofufuza mpandadzina m'dzikoli. Komanso, Hristofor Kolumb ku mapeto a moyo wake iye anali wotsimikiza kuti si phazi pa kontinenti yatsopano, ndi ku gombe la kumadzulo kwa India. M'nkhaniyi tiona kuyesetsa kumvetsa ofufuza ambiri America South. Aliyense wa iwo zachititsa kuti chitukuko cha kontinenti latsopano. Tinali apainiya ndi asayansi Russian mndandanda.

Mbiri ya amaika mumsewu njira West

List ofufuza kutsogozedwa ndi America Hristofor Kolumb, ndipo m'pofunika kuzindikira phindu lake. Pa nthawi imeneyo, Europe amakumana ndi mavuto mu kulankhulana malonda ndi India. msewu kumeneko silika ndi zonunkhira unali wautali ndi woopsa. Zochokera zopanda a Dziko Lapansi mawonekedwe yozungulira Columbus hypothesized kuti India ku Europe akhoza yopita, chikubwera kum'mawa ndi kutsatira kumadzulo. Iwo unali pamenepo, nyanja ya Atlantic, analimbikitsa kuyenda panyanja kuthandizira wake, Mfumu ya Spain, ndi dziko wapatali wa wa sandalwood ndi zonunkhira. Ndipo komabe ndinapempha ndalama zida ulendo. Mu 1492, Columbus anawoloka Atlantic ndipo anatsegula lalikulu Holandesas. kupambana Izi walola iye akonzekeretse maulendo awiri. Mu 1498 Columbus anatulukira chilumba cha Trinidad. The madzi mu nyanja kutali gombe oyendetsa ake ankaoneka chopambanitsa mchere. insipidity amenewa zitha kunyamula lalikulu kwambiri chokhala ndi mtsinje - anaganiza asilikali. zombo akewo analowa m'kamwa mwa Orinoco ndi kufufuza kugombe la America South kwa Paria chilumba.

Maulendo Amerigo Vespucci

Chipwitikizi ufumu, kuzindikira bwino Spanish ofufuza ku America South (ndiye ndimaganiza kuti anali - gombe Western la India), okonzeka atatu transatlantic ulendo. Anauza oyendetsa sitima Amerigo Vespucci. Iye sanali akunjate yekha pamadzi m'mphepete ndipo anachita olimba mtima kukwera kumtunda. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, anapeza ndipo anafotokoza Brazil okwera, m'munsi Inde ya Amazon mtsinje ndi Bay, komwe tsopano ayima mzinda wa Rio de Janeiro. Vespucci pang'onopang'ono anayamba amazunza kukayikira. India gawo chatsopanochi anali osiyana kwambiri. Iye analemba kwawo mu 1503, ndiye - "The gawo latsopano la dziko." Ndipo dzina limenelo munakhala. North America ndi South akadali amatchedwa "Indies" ndi "New World".

Amerigo Vespucci chopereka ndi yofunika kwambiri. Ndipo Iye anapereka ku Ulaya chidziwitso cha kuli kontinenti latsopano. Choncho, dzina lake lapatsidwa kwa onse Chile. Kale mu 1507 mapu ku Lorraine Martin Waldseemüller christened kum'mwera kwa Africa "America" (Latinized kalembedwe "Amerigo"). Mu 1538, dzina anayala kuti chakumpoto m'dzikoli.

A dziko lowoneka la El Dorado

Ataona kupambana ofufuza Chipwitikizi ku America South amene zombo anabwerera, yodzaza ndi golide, mu zaka 1522-58 ku Dziko Latsopano ndipo anafika ofufuza Spanish. Mu amapereka chithandizo cha akomweko chikhulupiriro cha Akhristu, iwo anayamba kulanda dziko. kugonjetsa izi (mu Spanish "Conquista") limodzi ndi Kuphedwa Unyinji wa anthu pa moto, wakubayu ndi chiwawa ena. Azungu ankakhulupirira kuti munthu watsopano Africa - Golden Land, El Dorado. Koma pamodzi ndi conquistadors ndi otentheka achipembedzo America South anadza ofufuza weniweni, sanjira, kufotokoza mitundu sankadziwika wa nyama ndi zomera, kuphunzira miyambo ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu akomweko. Kudzera kamtunda kopita ku chilumba cha Panama ndi Spain atagonjetsa ku gombe la kumadzulo. Maulendo Andagoya P. (1522), F. Pizarro (1527), D. Almagro (1537), P. Valdivia (1540s), Ladrilero H. (1558), P. Pedro Sarmiento de A Gamboa (1580) patsogolo kudutsa Pacific kum'mwera kwa dziko la Chile.

Otulukira ndipo ofufuza za America South

Osati kokha Spain ndi Portugal nawo anagonjetsa maiko atsopano. German osunga ndalama Ehinger, Welser ndi ena analandira mu 1528 ndi Mfumu Charles chilolezo Chachisanu yolowera kumpoto, kum'mawa South America, kumalire ndi Caribbean Sea. France ndi Netherlands ndi "wopatulika" yekha pa chidutswa cha dziko latsopano. J. British m'sitimayo. Davis, R. ndi J. Hawkins. Strong anatsegula Islands Falkland. A Dutch Schouten W. ndi J. Lemaire mu 1616 anamaliza Cape Horn. Dyera anakopeka conquistadors Spanish kumtunda. Pofufuza za lodziwika bwino golide wanga anawoloka chakumadzulo Andes pansi m'dera Amazon. Spanish ndi Apwitikizi ndi apaulendo ku America South ndipo analowa mtsinje Rio de La Plata beseni anafotokoza Parana, ndi Gran Chaco, Paraguay. Choyamba anawoloka Africa ku Pacific ku nyanja ya Atlantic ulendo F. Orellana mu 1541.

Akatswiri Scientific mu America South ndipo apeza

Cholinga cha mishoni zonse zatchulidwa pamwambapa kulanda m'mayiko ena. Kafukufuku wa sayansi (sanjira, ikulongosola za zimene anaona panjira) zinachitikadi kokha chifukwa anathandiza kulimbikitsa conquistadors timu. Koma mkubwela kwa Choonadi cholinga apainiya anasintha. Woyamba ofufuza kwambiri sayansi America South ndikukhulupirira German Aleksandra Gumboldta ndi Aimé Bonpland France. zaka zisanu (kuchokera 1799 mpaka 1804.) Iwo anakhala kumtunda, kusonkhanitsa magulu zomera, nyama ndi mchere. Pambuyo pake Alexander Von Humboldt zaka makumi atatu nkhani yaikulu 30 buku ntchito "Ulendo kwa equinoctial (ie kunyanja) New World dziko."

kafukufuku ena

mapu molondola Africa umene tiyenera kupereka kwa English ulendo R. Fitzroy ndi F. Mfumu. M'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, pamene gawo kumpoto kwa Africa American akhala katswiri, kum'mwera - chifukwa cha nkhalango kuwoloka ndi mapiri atali - anakhalabe unexplored. Ndi "yadothi incognita" adamkodola asayansi ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. Mu ofufuza XIX m'ma kudziwika ngati kumtunda America South, dziko la Germany W. Eschwege K. Stein, ndi French Jean Saint-Hilaire ndi A. mapini, Austrians ndi Bavarians J. Natterer, J. Paulo, I. ndi K. Martius ayankhula, British J .. Wells, W. Chandless, G. Bates ndi A. Wallace. Amathandiza kwambiri kuphunzira m'dziko latsopano la Charles Darwin. Ndi chikhalidwe cha America South chinachititsa asayansi kuganizira za chitukuko zinachokera moyo padziko lapansi.

Russian ulendo ku Chile

Ulendo woyamba unachitika mu 1822-28, motero. Russian maphunziro zovuta ulendo kutsogoleredwa ndi GI Langsdorf. mamembala ake anaphunzira zigawo lamkati la Brazil. Mu kafukufuku wa sayansi pa dziko la sikuti zatha. Chotero ofufuza Russian la America South ngati A. S. Ionin, N. M. Albov, G. Manizer, A. I. Voeykov kufotokoza zintchito, nyengo, chikhalidwe, mafuko, nyama ndi zomera za Tierra del Fuego. Zamoyo Ni Vavilov anapita Africa mu 1932-33. ndi kudziwa chiyambi cha zomera zosiyanasiyana zaulimi.