Zambiri ndi zovuta mapuloteni. Kapangidwe, ntchito, katundu, makhalidwe, zitsanzo mapulotini zovuta

Limodzi la matanthauzo a moyo motere: "Moyo akafuna kuli matupi mapuloteni." Padziko lathuli, popanda yekha zamoyo muli zomangira organic, monga mapuloteni. Nkhaniyi pofotokoza mapuloteni yosavuta zovuta kuzindikiridwa kusiyana dongosolo maselo, ndipo ikufotokoza ntchito zawo mchipindamo.

ndi mapuloteni Kodi

Ku maganizo a sayansi - mkulu maselo kulemera organic ma polima, monomers amene ali 20 osiyanasiyana amino zidulo. Iwo pamodzi ndi nsinga covalent mankhwala, mwinamwake kudziwika peputayidi. Popeza monomers mapuloteni ndi mankhwala amphoteric, iwo ali onse ndi kwa amino gulu ndi carboxyl zinchito gulu. Chemical chomangira NKHA-NH pakati pawo amapezeka.

Ngati polypeptide tichipeza zatsalira kwa amino asidi maulalo, ndipamene mapuloteni yosavuta. Mamolekyulu wa polima, ndi zina kupanga zitsulo ayoni, mavitamini, nucleotides, chakudya - sizingafanane ndi mapuloteni. Kenako, tikambirana kapangidwe okhudza malo a polypeptides.

Kuchuluka kwa gulu la zedi

Iwo anapereka ku masanjidwe zinayi zosiyanasiyana. Kapangidwe choyamba - liniya, ndi losavuta kwambiri ndipo ali mawonekedwe a unyolo polypeptide pa ake woterewu mapangidwe kumangidwa wa hydrogen zina. Iwo ziziyenda bwino mu helix wotchedwa dongosolo sekondale. mabungwe a ukachenjede ndi mapuloteni yosavuta zovuta, ambiri zomera ndi nyama maselo. Yotsirizira kasinthidwe - quaternary ikutuluka mogwirizana kwa mamolekyulu angapo kapangidwe mbadwa logwirizana coenzymes, ndicho mapuloteni amenewa dongosolo zovuta ntchito mu ntchito zosiyanasiyana za thupi.

A zosiyanasiyana zomanga thupi yosavuta

gulu ili siili polypeptides ambiri. mamolekyulu awo zigwirizana yekha wa zatsalira kwa amino acid. Kuti monga mapuloteni, monga histones ndi globulins. Woyamba akuimira mu dongosolo pachimake, ndipo pamodzi ndi tinthu DNA. Gulu lachiwiri - globulins - ndi Gawo la madzi a m'magazi. Chotero mapuloteni choterocho ngati gamma globulin, amachita ntchito za chitetezo cha m'thupi ndipo ndi oteteza. mankhwala awa akhoza kupanga maofesi, amene ali chakudya zovuta ndi mapuloteni. Chotero fibrillar mapuloteni ophweka monga kolajeni ndi elastin, ndi mbali ya connective minofu, chichereŵechereŵe, tendons, khungu. Ntchito yawo yaikulu - yomanga ndiponso thandizo.

Tubulin mapuloteni ndi membala wa microtubules, amene zigawo za cilia ndi michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana zamoyo unicellular monga ciliates, Euglena, parasitic flagellates. Izi mapuloteni yemweyo ali chiwalo cha zamoyo multicellular (michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana spermatozoa, umakakumana cilia, ciliated epithelium za m'mimba zing'onozing'ono).

Mapuloteni albumin akutumikira M'sitolo ntchito (mwachitsanzo, puloteni mazira nkhuku). Mu endosperm mbewu mbewu monga chimanga - rye, mpunga, Tirigu - zedi kudziunjikira. Iwo amatchedwa inclusions ma. zinthu zimenezi zimagwira ntchito Ndisanaumbidwe mbewu pa chiyambi cha chitukuko. Komanso mkulu mapuloteni okhutira wa weevil tirigu ndi chizindikiro yofunika kwambiri ya khalidwe la ufa. Mkate wophikidwa kwa gilateni kulemera ufa ali mkulu khalidwe amakambirana ndi zothandiza kwambiri. Gilateni muli otchedwa tirigu zovuta. Pansi pa nyanja nsomba madzi a m'magazi muli mapulotini kupewa imfa yawo ku chisanu. Iwo adzatenga katundu zoletsa kuwuma, kuteteza imfa ya chamoyo pa otsika kutentha madzi. Komano, mu zikuchokera khoma khungu la bakiteriya thermophilic magwero geothermal zili ndi mapuloteni angathe kukumbukira zachilengedwe kasinthidwe (ukachenjede kapena quaternary dongosolo) ake ndipo alibe denature pa kutentha kuyambira +50 kwa + 90 ° C.

proteid

Awa ndi zovuta mapuloteni, amene yodziwika ndi kuchuluka kwambiri mogwirizana ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana anachita mwa iwo. Monga tanenera kale, gulu la polypeptides, kupatulapo mapuloteni gawo lili ndi gulu apulasitiki. Mchikakamizo cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana monga kutentha, salt heavy, anaikira soda ndi asidi mapuloteni zovuta angasinthe mawonekedwe ake okhudza malo, kusintha izo. zodabwitsazi amatchedwa denaturation. Kapangidwe ka mapuloteni zovuta ndi akusokoneza nsinga wa hydrogen osweka ndipo mamolekyulu kutaya katundu ndi ntchito. Monga ulamuliro, ndi denaturation ndi kulisiya. Koma ena polypeptides akuchitako monga chothandizira ndi, galimoto ndi kusonyeza ntchito, n'zotheka renaturation - kubwezeretsa kapangidwe zachilengedwe a proteids lapansi.

Ngati kanthu chinthu kusokoneza kupita kwa nthawi yaitali, mapuloteni molekyulu ndi zinawonongekeratu. Zimenezi zimabweretsa chophukacho kumangidwa peputayidi ya kapangidwe chachikulu. Bwezerani mapuloteni ndi ntchito yake ndi zosatheka. zodabwitsazi amatchedwa chiwonongeko. Chitsanzo ndi kuphika mazira: madzi mapuloteni - albumin ili dongosolo ukachenjede ali inawonongedwa.

mapuloteni biosynthesis

Apanso, Kumbukiraninso kuti polypeptides zinthu zamoyo tichipeza zidulo 20 kwa amino, zomwe zina mwa irreplaceable. Izi lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, ndi zina zotero. D. Iwo amalowa m'magazi ku intestine yaing'ono pambuyo komanso yogawanika izo mankhwala mapuloteni. Lithe kwa amino zidulo zofunika (alanine, proline, serine), bowa ndi nyama ntchito mankhwala asafe munali. Zomera, pokhala autotrophic, paokha kupanga zofunika constituent monomers woimira mapuloteni zovuta. Pakuti zochita izi kuloŵerera ali ntchito ku feteleza, amoniya, kapena asafe-free. Mu mitundu ina ya tizilombo kupereka okha ndi lonse asidi kwa amino, pamene ena yekha ena apanga monomers. Magawo a biosynthesis mapulotini zimachitika maselo a zamoyo zonse. Pa maziko a galamafoniyo zikachitika, ndi cytoplasm selo - kulengeza.

Chinthu choyamba - kaphatikizidwe wa mRNA kalambulabwalo kumachitika mwa enzyme RNA polymerase. Iye akuswa nsinga wa hydrogen pakati unyolo DNA, ndipo mmodzi wa iwo pa mfundo za mapolojekiti amatenga chisanadze mRNA molekyulu. Izo poyera kuti slaysingu kuti ndi kucha, kenako ukatuluka mwa phata kuti cytoplasm, chimene chinapanga Mtumiki asidi ribonucleic.

Kugwiritsa yachiwiri amafuna yeniyeni organelles - ribosomes ndi mfundo maselo ndi kusamutsa zidulo ribonucleic. chikhalidwe china chofunika kwambiri ndi kukhalapo kwa ATP, monga zochita pulasitiki kagayidwe, yomwe ndi yochokera kwa biosynthesis mapulotini amapezeka ndi mayamwidwe mphamvu.

Michere, kapangidwe ndi ntchito zawo

Ichi ndi gulu lalikulu la mapuloteni (za 2000), kuchita ntchito ya zinthu zokhudza mlingo wa zochita amuzolengedwa mu maselo. Iwo akhoza kukhala wophweka (trepsin, pepsin) kapena zovuta. mapulotini zovuta kumaphatikizapo apoenzyme ndi coenzyme. The kulunjika kwa mapuloteni wachibale mankhwala chomwe amachita, Mzimuyo ndi coenzyme, ndi proteids amachita kokha ngati kumene chigawo mapuloteni zogwirizana apoenzyme lapansi. Ntchito othandizira cha enzyme ndi osadalira pa molekyulu, koma ndi likulu yogwira. akuphatikizapo limafanana ndi kapangidwe mankhwala zinthu catalyzed ndi mfundo ya "chinsinsi-loko", kotero kuti zimene michere ndi mosamalitsa yeniyeni. Nchito ya mapuloteni zovuta ali nawo pa ndondomeko kagayidwe kachakudya ndi ntchito monga acceptors.

Makalasi mapulotini zovuta

Iwo anayamba ndi biochemists, potengera muyezo 3: katundu physico-mankhwala, mbali ndi structural mbali proteids kulunjika. Gulu loyamba zikuphatikizapo polypeptides yosiyanasiyana katundu electrochemical. Iwo agawidwa mu zofunika, ndale ndi acidic. Wachibale zonsezo madzi kukhala hydrophilic, amphiphilic ndi hydrophobic. Gulu lachiwiri la michere amene kale kale. Gulu lachitatu zikuphatikizapo polypeptides kuti amasiyana mipweya apulasitiki gulu (ndi chromoproteids, nucleoproteins, metalloproteins).

Taganizirani katundu mapulotini zovuta zambiri. Choncho, mwachitsanzo, acidic mapuloteni omwe ali mbali ya ribosomes, lili 120 kwa amino zidulo ndi imagwira. Iwo lili organelles mapuloteni-synthesizing, onse maselo prokaryotic ndi eukaryotic. Munthu wina wa gulu - S-100 mapuloteni, imakhala ndi maunyolo awiri zogwirizana kashiamu ion. Iye ndi membala wa manyuroni ndi glia - akuthandiza minofu ya ubongo. Katundu wamba mapuloteni onse acidic - okhutira mkulu zidulo dicarboxylic: glutamic ndi aspartic. Ndi mapuloteni zamchere monga histones - mapulotini amapanga RNA ndi DNA mkati zidulo. The peculiarity wa mipweya ndi wambirimbiri lysine ndi arginine. Histones, pamodzi ndi nyukiliya chromatin khromozomu mawonekedwe - yapadera kapangidwe selo chibadwa. mapulotini awa nawo ndondomeko za galamafoniyo ndipo yomasulira. mapulotini Amphiphilic ambiri akuimira mu nembanemba khungu, kupanga lipoprotein bilayer. Choncho, gulu anaphunzira pamwamba takambirana mapuloteni zovuta, taona kuti awo katundu physico-mankhwala chifukwa Kapangidwe ka chigawo mapuloteni ndi magulu apulasitiki.

Ena zovuta mapuloteni selo nembanemba amatha kuzindikira zosiyanasiyana mankhwala, monga antigens ndi mungachitire. Izi kusonyeza proteids ntchito, ndikofunika kuti njira kusankha mayamwidwe, zinthu ku malo kunja, ndi kuteteza.

Glycoproteins ndi proteoglycans

Iwo ali ovuta mapulotini amasiyana pakati pa magulu amuzolengedwa zikuchokera apulasitiki. Ngati nsinga mankhwala pakati pa chigawo mapuloteni ndi gawo zimam'patsa - covalently-glycoside, zinthu zina amatchedwa glycoproteins. Apoenzyme anapereka mamolekyulu wa mono- ndi oligosaccharides zitsanzo za mapuloteni amenewa ndi prothrombin, fibrinogen (mapuloteni nawo coagulation magazi). Kortiko- ndi gonadotropic mahomoni, interferon, michere ndi Kakhungu ndi glycoproteins. Mu mamolekyulu proteoglycan mapuloteni gawo ndi zochepa 5%, yotsala kukhala apulasitiki gulu (geteropolitsaharid). onsewa ogwirizana ndi ubale glycosidic wa HA gulu threonine ndi arginine magulu NH₂-glutamine, ndi lysine. mamolekyulu Proteoglycan kuimba kwambiri pa madzi amchere maselo kagayidwe. Pansipa pali tebulo mapulotini zovuta, tinaphunzira.

metalloproteins

zinthuzi zili mbali ya ion ake maselo zitsulo umodzi kapena kuposerapo. Taonani zitsanzo mapulotini zovuta cha gulu pamwambapa. Ndi pamwamba michere onse monga cytochrome oxidase. Inkakhala pa cristae wa mitochondria ndi imayendetsa ndi kaphatikizidwe ATP. Ferrin ndi transferrin - proteid munali ayoni chitsulo. Origin madipoziti iwo maselo, ndipo wachiwiri ndi zoyendera mapuloteni magazi. metalloproteins wina - alfaamelaza muli kashiamu ayoni ali m'gulu la zikuchokera kwa malovu ndi madzi pancreatic, nawo akuwaza wa wowuma. Hemoglobin ndi mmene metalloproteins ndi hromoproteidov. Iye akutumikira monga zoyendera mapuloteni omwe amanyamula mpweya. Chifukwa ndi pawiri la oxyhemoglobin. Inhalation wa carbon monoxide, kapena monoxide otchedwa mpweya, hemoglobin mamolekyulu ake kupanga khola kwambiri pawiri erythrocytes. Mwamsanga kufalikira kwa ziwalo ndipo zimakhala, kuchititsa khungu poizoni. Chifukwa, pambuyo yaitali inhalation wa carbon monoxide munthu amafa chifukwa asphyxiation. Hemoglobin pang'ono amanyamula ndi mpweya aumbike mwa njira catabolic. Ku mtsinje wa magazi mpweya woipa kwa mapapo ndi impso, ndi kwa iwo - kwa malo akunja. Ena nkhanu ndi molluscs zoyendera mapuloteni omwe amanyamula mpweya, ndi keyhole. M'malo mwa chitsulo lili ayoni mkuwa, kotero magazi a nyama si wofiira ndi wabuluu.

wotchedwa chlorophyll ntchito

Monga ife tamutchula uja, mapuloteni zovuta akhoza kupanga maofesi ndi inki - wachikuda organic zinthu. mtundu timadalira pa magulu hromoformnyh kuti kusankha kuyamwa ena makulidwe a dzuwa. Mu chomera maselo ali plastids wobiriwira - chloroplasts munali wotchedwa chlorophyll pigment. Iwo wapangidwa ndi maatomu magnesium ndi wa mowa polyhydric, phytol. Iwo ali oyanjana ndi zedi, ndipo okha muli chloroplasts thylakoids (mbale), kapena Kakhungu nafe mu stacks - mbali. Iwo photosynthesis inki - wotchedwa chlorophyll - ndi carotenoids zina. Nawa michere zonse ntchito mu zochita photosynthesis. Choncho chromoproteids, monga wotchedwa chlorophyll, ntchito yapadera mu kagayidwe, ndicho mu zochita kuloŵerera ndi dissimilation.

mapulotini tizilombo

Zikuphatikizapo oimira mitundu si ma wa moyo, kulowa Ufumu wa Vir. Mavairasi alibe mwini mapuloteni-synthesizing zida zawo. zidulo mkati DNA kapena RNA, mukhoza kupangira kaphatikizidwe wa particles ambiri omwe maselo ndi kachilombo HIV. Zambiri mavairasi zigwirizana yekha wa zedi, chogwiritsira asonkhana dongosolo helical kapena mawonekedwe polyhedral, monga fodya zithunzi HIV. Zovuta mavairasi ndi Kakhungu zina kupanga gawo la plasma Kakhungu selo khamu. Monga zikuphatikizapo glycoproteins (a chiwindi B HIV, kachilombo koyambitsa nthomba). Ntchito yaikulu ya glycoproteins wa - kuzindikira zolandilira enieni a Kakhungu khamu selo. The zikuchokera nembanemba zina tizilombo ndi mapuloteni monga michere kupereka reduplication ya DNA kapena RNA galamafoniyo. Kuchokera pa zimene takambiranazi, wina akhoza kunena izi: tizilombo tinthu mapuloteni zipolopolo ndi dongosolo yeniyeni, malinga ndi mapuloteni Kakhungu selo khamu.

M'nkhani ino tapatsidwa makhalidwe mapulotini zovuta, anaphunzira kapangidwe ndi ntchito zawo maselo a zamoyo zosiyanasiyana.