San Marino, Republic: zokopa, chithunzi

Funso la dziko lomwe Republic Republic of San Marino lirimo, ku Russia, nthawi zambiri limakhala lenileni, chifukwa tikudziwa pang'ono za izo. Dzikoli, ngakhale kuti ndi laling'ono kwambiri, liri ndi mbiri yakale komanso chikhalidwe. Lero, Republic of San Marino ndi dziko laling'ono kwambiri, koma izi sizinali zokha, chifukwa chake ndiyenera kuyendera dziko lino.

Chiyambi cha San Marino

Dziko, lomwe masiku ano limatchedwa "Republic of San Marino", linakhazikitsidwa pa gawo la anthu okhalapo nthawi yaitali. Zakafukufuku zakale zikuwonetsa kuti anthu adakhazikika pano m'zaka zapitazi. Koma mbiri yakale ya dzikoli imayamba mu 298, pamene, malinga ndi nthano zapafupi, St. Marin, kuthaŵa kuzunzidwa, adaganiza zopuma kuchoka ku dziko kupita ku phiri la Titan. Oyera mtima adachoka ku Dalmatia, kumene adamuzunza chifukwa cha chipembedzo chake. Anadzipereka kugwira ntchito ngati miyala mumzinda wa Rimini, ndipo kenako anayang'ana phirilo kuti likhale lokhazikika, pomwe adatulutsa phangalo ngati chipinda chake. Moyo wolungama wa Marino unayamba kukopa olambirira kwa iye, ndipo pafupi ndi iye mpingo umasonkhana, ndiye amonke amasonkhanitsidwa, omwe m'dzikoli akuyambanso kukhala mbiri yoyamba komanso dzina la dzikolo.

Pali umboni wosonyeza kuti m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi panali amonke osungirako okhazikika. Kwa zaka mazana asanu ndi awiri adakumana ndi mafuko osiyanasiyana: Saracens, Magyars, koma amakhalabe ndi ufulu. Izi zimayendetsedwa ndi malo abwino kwambiri oti ateteze, kuphatikizapo amonkewo nthawi zonse ankagwira ntchito yotetezera nyumba yawo ya amonke, anamanga malinga, amapanga mipanda.

Geography

Lero, Republic of San Marino ilizunguliridwa ndi dziko la Italy. Lili kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa mapiri a Monte Titano. Dziko la 80% likukhala ndi mapiri. Monte Titano ili ndi mapiri atatu, omwe kale akhala akukhalamo. Malo otsetsereka a Apennines ndi oyenera ulimi ndipo ali ndi madera otentha, nyengo ya Mediterranean. Zima ku San Marino zimakhala kuzizira, makamaka mu February, pamene kutentha kumafikira zero. Chilimwe ndi chofewa, kutentha kumakhala mu August-September. M'madera a mapiri nthawi zonse ndi ozizira kwambiri kuposa pa chigwa. Dera la dzikoli liri pafupi mamita 60 lalikulu. Km. San Marino ndi republic yomwe ikukhala m'malo ovuta kwambiri. Moyo m'dera lamapiri si kophweka, koma umalola anthu ammudzi kukhala ndi khalidwe lapadera ndikupanga chikhalidwe chosiyana.

Mbiri

Pang'onopang'ono nyumba ya amonke imagula malo ogwirizana ndi amphawi ndikukulitsa katundu wake. Pali boma lodziyimira limene limakhala loopsya nthawi zonse chifukwa cha kuyamwa ndi mayiko amphamvu ndi akuluakulu. M'zaka za m'ma 1300, San Marino adagwirizanitsa pakati pa ma Ghibellines ndi Guelphs, akutsatira mbali yoyamba, dziko likutsutsa mkwiyo ndi temberero la Papa Innocent Four.

San Marino, Republican yomwe nthawizonse imachotsa chinyengo chake chowombedwa mosavuta, kwa zaka zingapo zapitazo chinayesedwa kwambiri ndi kuyesa kugonjetsedwa ndi Roma wamapapa. Pofuna kulimbana ndi zovuta zoterozo, dziko liyenera kusonyeza zozizwitsa zokambirana.

M'zaka zoyambirira za m'ma 1500, Republica inagwirizana ndi Alphonse Fifth, yomwe idalola kuti zisunge Nyumba ya Fiorentino. Mu 1462, Papa Pius II adathandizira San Marino pa nkhondo yolimbana ndi Malatesta. Zotsatira za mgwirizano wotere unabweretsa ulamuliro wa mayiko pamidzi itatu.

M'zaka za m'ma 1600, Roma anayesayesa kulipira msonkho ku San Marino, ngakhale kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu, koma dzikoli linasunga ufulu wawo. Mu 1543, gulu lankhondo la apapa, lomwe linatumizidwa kuti lilandire dzikoli, linatayika mu nkhalango zowirira pa Phiri la Monte Titano, kupambana kumeneku kopanda magazi kuli akadakali holide m'dzikoli.

Zaka za m'ma 1800 ndi za m'ma 1900 zidapitabe kukanika komweku kuti zisawonongeke. Koma ngakhale Napoleon anapatsa San Marino mgwirizano wolimba. Dziko laling'ono ndi Congress ya Vienna silinakhudze . Gawo la dzikoli limakhala malo obisala olowa mmalo mwa ndale, omwe boma lawo silinalole kuti likhalepo ndipo limatetezedwa molimbika pofuna kuyesa kuwatenga mwachangu. Dzikoli linatha kulimbana ndi ulamuliro wake poyesa kuikapo pulezidenti wake Papa Pius Ninth komanso kugwirizana kwa Italy m'ma 1860. Pa nkhondo za padziko lonse, San Marino sanaloŵerere m'ndale, ngakhale zinali zosavuta.

Panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, dzikoli linaphulitsidwa mabomba okwera mabomba a ku Britain mu 1944. Mu July chaka chomwechi, asilikali a ku Germany adatha kukhala m'dzikolo kwa kanthawi kochepa, thandizo la Britain lomwe linathandizidwa kuthamangitsira othawa. Pambuyo pake, dzikoli limatha kukhalabe ufulu mpaka lero.

Chikhalidwe

Nzika za dzikoli zimalengeza kuti dziko la San Marino ndiloling'ono kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo kuzindikira izi ndizo maziko awo. Zimasunga miyambo komanso maiko, ngakhale kuti dziko la Italy ndilo lalikulu kwambiri.

Kufunika kwakukulu kwa anthu ndi banja. Ukwati, maukwati a ana ali okongola kwambiri apa, chiwerengero cha kusudzulana ndi kochepa kwambiri. Anthu okhala m'mayiko ochepa amamvetsetsa bwino momwe aliri pafupi kuti amenyane ndi dziko lachiwawa, kotero kumverera kwa mgwirizano pano ndi kwakukulu kwambiri. Dziko la Chamberlain limapereka maholide a dziko lonse kukhala phwando lachilengedwe chonse, pamakhala misewu yochuluka m'misewu, yomwe anthu onse amakhala pansi.

Pali zikondwerero zambiri za dziko, zomwe zimachokera ku mbiri yakale ya Aroma. Chikondwerero cha Middle Ages mu July chimakhala chikondwerero cha dziko: anthu amavala, kuvina, amapita kumalo osungirako zinthu, kukonzekera mbale zakutchire. Kuti timvetse bwino za chikhalidwe cha dziko lino, ndi bwino kukumbukira m'dziko lomwe Republic of San Marino - Italy ilipo. Chifukwa chake, chikhalidwe chimakhala chofanana kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe cha mnzako wamphamvu, ndizodzikongoletsa ndi zilembo za kunyada kwa dziko lawo.

Republic lero

Poganizira dongosolo la dzikoli, wina angafunse kuti: ndi San Marino Republic kapena ufumu? Yankho lake ndi lodabwitsa: San Marino ndi Republic yakale kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Ngakhale pamene Roma wakale inatha, gawoli linayamba kuyang'aniridwa ndi regent wosankhidwa, ndipo kotero likupitirira mpaka lero. Kodi dziko laling'onoting'onoli linasunga bwanji chikhalidwe chake chozunguliridwa ndi mayiko amphamvu ngati amenewa ndi boma lachifumu limene linayesa kulanda dziko lonse? Chiwombankhanga. Koma ngakhale lero, dzikoli likulamulidwa ndi regents awiri osankhidwa kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Poganizira chiwerengero cha anthu a m'dzikoli (anthu 32,000), tinganene kuti pafupifupi munthu aliyense ali ndi mwayi wokayendera regent kamodzi pa moyo wake wonse.

San Marino ndi membala wa European Union, koma ali ndi ufulu kupereka ndalama zingapo za ndalama za euro. Chuma ca dzikoli chimaperekedwa ndi ndalama: mabanki, inshuwalansi, malonda. Makampani ofunika kwambiri ndi zokopa alendo. Anthu oposa 3 miliyoni amabwera pano pachaka. Dzikoli liri ndi midzi 30, lalikulu kwambiri ndi mzinda wa Serravalle, uli ndi anthu pafupifupi zikwi khumi. Chilankhulo chovomerezeka cha San Marino ndi Chiitaliya. Kuti mukakuchezeretseni muyenera kutulutsa visa ya Schengen, ndege yanu ilibe m'dziko, maiko oyandikana nawo a ku Italy ali, ku Rimini.

Zochitika

Masiku ano, Republic of San Marino, yomwe zokopa zake zimakhala zokondweretsa kwambiri alendo, ndi imodzi mwa mayiko osungirako zolemba pambali ya chiwerengero cha zolemba zakale ndi chikhalidwe pamtunda wa mita imodzi. Mayiko atha kusunga nyumba zingapo zofunika kwambiri kuyambira ku Middle Ages. Njira yoyendera alendo ikuphatikizapo kuyendera malo otetezeka ku Monte Titano, nyumba yachifumu, ndi neoclassical Basilica del Santo, yomwe inakhazikitsidwa mu 1838 ndi katswiri wa zomangamanga Antonio Serra, m'misewu ya mzinda wakale. Mzinda wonsewu ndi Phiri la Monte Titano amatetezedwa ngati zipilala za UNESCO. Kwa alendo omwe amadziwa zambiri ku San Marino muli akachisi ambiri, maboma komanso malo osangalatsa a nyumba zakalekale. Zopindulitsa kwambiri ndi zipata zakale za San Francesco m'zaka za m'ma 1500, kudzera mwa alendo omwe adalowa m'dzikoli, tchalitchi cha Santo Pieve - chimodzi mwa zipilala zoyambirira za Chikhristu, tchalitchi cha San Francesco ndi nyumba ya amonke yomwe inamangidwa m'zaka za m'ma 1500. Dzikoli lakhala likugwirizanitsa 9 magulu oyang'anira ntchito, omwe ali ndi nyumba yake yokha.

Zolimba

San Marino, Republican yomwe nthawi yonseyi inkafuna ufulu wodzilamulira, ili ndi zida zodziteteza zokha. Panthawi ina pa Monte Titano panali magulu atatu a malinga, omwe anayamba kumangidwa m'zaka za zana la khumi. Masiku ano, zina mwa mabotolo sizisungidwa, koma pali makoma otetezera kuzungulira nsongazo. Phiri la Monte Titano liri ndi nsonga zitatu, pazinthu zonsezi pali nsanja zotetezera ndi malinga. Rocca Guaita (nsanja yoyamba) anawonekera m'zaka za zana la 11, nkhanda yozungulira iyo ili ndi mizere iwiri ya malinga, bell tower, watch watch.

Lero, linga likhoza kuyendera, ndipo makoma ake amapereka malingaliro okongola a chigwacho. Castello del Cesta - nsanja yachiwiri - yomangidwa m'zaka za zana la 13 pa phiri lalitali kwambiri. Kusungidwa kwa linga ndibwino kwambiri, mzimu wa Middle Ages ukulamulira pano, komanso nyumba yosungirako zida zakale. Pamwamba pachitatu ndi yokongoletsedwa ndi linga la Montale lomwe linakhazikitsidwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1400. Mukhoza kuyang'ana chizindikiro ichi kuchokera kunja.

State Palace

Republic of San Marino, amene chithunzi chawo chikugwedezeka ndi mzimu wakale, sichidzitamandira zokha zokhazokha. Pakatikati mwa ufulu pali Palazzo Publico, nyumba ya boma. Anamangidwa ndi wopanga mapulani a Francesco Azzurri kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zisanu (19th) m'machitidwe a Gothic Revival. Nyumba yachifumu ikuwoneka yodabwitsa kwambiri, ndi malingaliro okongola kuchokera kumaboma ake. Kulowera kwa nyumba yachifumu kumapangidwira kalembedwe kazakale. Ngakhale kuti lero boma likukhala m'nyumba yachifumu, n'zotheka kufika pano ndi maulendo.

Chochita ku San Marino

Malo ogulitsa kwambiri otchuka m'maderawa ndi Republic of San Marino. Italy, makamaka anthu okhalamo, pamapeto a sabata monga kupita ku tinthu kakang'ono ka kugula. Izi ndi chifukwa chakuti San Marino ali ndi zokopa za msonkho komanso katundu wamakhalidwe angapindule kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, alendo amayendera nthawi yawo m'masitolo. Pano mungathe kugula mafuta onunkhira, zotengera zamtengo wapatali (zikwama, nsapato, zovala) pamtengo wotsika kuposa ku Italy. Pali malo ambiri ogula zinthu omwe amapereka zowonjezera zambiri pazinthu zambiri. Chachidwi ndichokuyendera misika yam'deralo, apa mukhoza kulawa tchizi chokoma komanso chachangu kwambiri, kudya nsomba zatsopano, kugwiritsira ntchito vinyo ndi ma soseji ndikugula zophika chakudya kunyumba.

Fans of excursions akhoza kupita ndi malo otsogolera a m'midzi yambiri ya dziko, onani nyumba zina, kupatula pa mzinda waukulu, kuti mudziwe bwino moyo wa Sanmarinians wamba. Chifukwa cha maulendo olimba mtima a helikopita amaperekedwa m'dzikoli. Komanso nthawi yaulere ikhoza kuyendayenda, misewu yodabwitsa, mapiri a mapiri, nyumba zapamwamba zimakhala zabwino zokha kufufuza mosamala. Kuti mukwere pamwamba, mungagwiritse ntchito galimotoyo. Komanso, nthawi iyenera kutengedwa kuti ayang'ane kusintha kwa alonda ku Nyumba ya Ufumu.

San Marino ndi dziko la maholide, pali zikondwerero zambiri zojambula, kuphika, nyimbo zamitundu, zamisiri. Choncho, palibe vuto lililonse choti tichite.

Museums

Kwa alendo odzafufuza, Republic of San Marino, Italy imapereka malo ambiri osungiramo zinthu zakale. Imeneyi ndi nyumba yosungirako zovuta kuzunzika, komwe kumakhala zida zozunza, nyumba zamatabwa zamakono, curiosities, ndege, malo osungirako magalimoto a Ferrari, omwe amasonkhanitsa magulu okwana 250 a magalimoto osiyanasiyana. Ndipo nyumba yaikulu yosungiramo zinthu zakale za dzikoli, pofotokoza za mbiri ya boma. Kwa okonda kujambula, Pinakothek San Francesco amapereka zithunzithunzi zabwino za zojambula za m'zaka za zana la 14 ndi mndandanda wapadera wa zipembedzo za Order of the Franciscans.

Kitchen

Republic of San Marino ku Italy, monga woyandikana naye wotchuka kwambiri, ndi wotchuka chifukwa cha zakudya zake. Zakudya pano zikufanana kwambiri ndi Chiitaliya, mungathe kuyeserera nokha masitala, keke "ya pizza." Njala ku San Marino siingasiyidwe, pali malo ambiri odyera, amwenye ndi malo omwe ali ndi chakudya cha pamsewu. Kuchokera pulogalamu yovomerezeka ikhoza kutchedwa msuzi wandiweyani ndi bacon, mkate wa "Titano", mkate wokoma ndi zoumba zowonongeka mu vodka. Dzikoli ndi lodziŵika chifukwa cha uchi wapadera, yemwe kukoma kwake kuli kosiyana, ndi mafuta a azitona.

Mfundo zothandiza

San Marino ndi dziko laling'ono kwambiri, koma ntchito zoyendetsa zabwino pano, ngakhale kuti malowa amaperekedwa kwa oyenda pansi. Galimoto ingasiyidwe pamapikisano ochuluka a masitepe. M'dziko kulikonse amavomeredwa kulipira ndi makadi a banki, ngakhale ndalama zimalandiridwa mofunitsitsa. Kulowa m'dziko mukufunikira pasipoti ndi inshuwalansi ya zamankhwala. Monga zochitika ku San Marino, kawirikawiri amagula katundu wa zikopa, zitsulo zamtengo wapatali, zodzikongoletsera, zopangira zitsulo zolimba, mafuta a maolivi m'mabotolo okongola, vinyo wamba.

San Marino ndi dziko lamtendere, labwino komanso labwino. Pali zochitika zosasangalatsa, koma kuchenjeza sikungalepheretse, ngati malonda ndi katundu wonyenga akuchitika.