Russian sayansi zovuta. Scientific-zaumisiri ovuta wa Russia: zinthu, Zoneneratu ndi chiyembekezo chitukuko

Ovuta Scientific la Russia zikuchitika panthawi zovuta. Kuyambira nthawi ya perestroika, matabwa ake mosalekeza reorganized, ndi anathetsedwa, kusintha, wokometsedwa - malinga ndi mavuto panopa m'dziko ndi anthu, ndi wokhoza mwa atsogoleri omwe amatchedwa kuti athetse mavuto amenewa.

Russian sayansi ndi kulunjika a chitukuko

Modern sayansi dera, komanso dongosolo lililonse chikhalidwe zochokera mwadzaza mikangano ndi zotsutsana structural. Pa nthawi yomweyo zimakhudza kwambiri pa chitukuko angathe sayansi ya boma kupereka mfundo zachuma zagwiridwa ndi boma. Malinga ndi akatswiri ena, ndi zokhudza zonse mavuto amene anamenyedwa ambiri a mayendedwe, kuphatikizapo mayiko kwambiri otukuka, linagawidwa kupweteka Russian sayansi zovuta. Koma pali chidaliro - m'dziko lathu nthawi zonse wagonjetsedwa zamavuto zikomo angathe amphamvu mkati, kuphatikizapo malangizo pang'onopang'ono.

Chitukuko cha sayansi ku Russia zinachitikadi mu masitepe, chifukwa dziko umaonekera nkhondo ya "mwalowa", ndiye msanga anachira pambuyo nkhondo ndi chiwonongeko izo anakumana zodabwitsa mkati - Kukwera ndi kusintha. Nthawi zonse njira yapadera kumanga ntchito zawo, Russian Academy of Sciences - malinga ndi dziko "vutoli" alipo mphamvu komanso mipata kuti ayenera kuchotsedwa. Kuyang'ana mmbuyo, tikuona kuti mavuto a Russian zovuta sayansi anayambika osati lero koma tiyenera kuwathetsa - mwadongosolo ndi gulu.

zovuta dziko Scientific: kapangidwe ndi ntchito

ntchito kiyi wa sayansi - ulosi wa mumaganiza mwapang'onopang'ono, zotsatira za kumupima ndi chitukuko cha zikuluzikulu ndi ntchito kafukufuku njira yaikulu mu ntchito za asayansi.

Kapangidwe ka zovuta sayansi zikuphatikizapo mabungwe onse kuti njira imodzi kapena ntchito ina m'tsogolo, ndi "zabwino za m'dziko lanu." Russian sayansi zovuta ndi chimodzi-chidutswa mapangidwe ongokhala zosiyanasiyana, kulenga umisiri watsopano ndi kubereka zinthu zatsopano. M'chigawo chapakati cha dziko anaikira theka la mabungwe onse kafukufuku ntchito 70% ya chiwerengero cha anthu (ofufuza - anthu ndi maphunziro apamwamba Ofuna ndi madokotala a sayansi) ndipo anapanga 75% ya ndalama zoweta kafukufuku.

The zachilendo ndipo imayenera kugwira ntchito m'minda sayansi n'zosatheka popanda Building okhazikika sayansi ndi luso, amene patsogolo zimadalira buku la ndalama kuchokera ku ndalama za magulu osiyanasiyana - ichi kumaoneka ndi mchitidwe dziko. mavuto Scientific ukudalira mavuto a chuma. Malinga ndi mkulu wa Institute for Strategies Economic B. N. Kuzyka, chidziwitso chuma panthawi kwayamba kwambiri pa njira ya chitukuko cha mayiko kutsogolera dziko, ndi nthawi ino yovuta kwa dziko lathu.

kuthekera Scientific la Russia wamakono: chitukuko cha madera atsopano kafukufuku

Vuto lalikulu moyang'anizana ndi "maganizo kutsogolera" - chitukuko cha sayansi ku Russia, chilengedwe ndi kusamalira ndi zomveka mapulani pulogalamu-chandamale ndi maziko a sayansi kasamalidwe ndi chitukuko cha machitidwe onse mu Russian zovuta sayansi.

Chifukwa cha sayansi ndi luso Zoneneratu yaitali, komanso zotsatira za zowunika zovuta angathe sayansi ndi luso la dziko (ziyenera a mwayi wa mabungwe kafukufuku payekha vutolo) anayamba kupanga ndi mndandanda wapadera wa malangizo patsogolo chitukuko sayansi ndi nzeru ndi zofunikila Kwalamulidwa asilikali awo kukhazikitsa.

Pakuti madera atsopano kafukufuku monga madera luso yojambula: nanotechnology ndi umisiri, mfundo ndi njira zotumizira, zipangizo zatsopano, komanso kuchuluka kwa sayansi-mafakitale zovuta, kulola kuti lithe ndi umisiri zikuluzikulu ndi zina zomwe m'madera otchulidwa. Chifukwa cha chitukuko cha njira zatsopano sayansi, dziko lathu akhoza kwambiri bwino kusintha kwa mlingo watsopano, chifukwa dziko ndi kusintha kwakukulu mu muzochitika zachuma ndi chikhalidwe zakonzedwa ndi 2020-2025.

Scientific-zaumisiri ovuta: zofunika

Scientific zaumisiri ovuta zachokera Zoneneratu za yaitali chitukuko cha sayansi chitetezo, chitetezo ndi chitukuko nchito ya umisiri m'mafakitale Russia. M'zochita zake, zovuta imapereka zomveka ntchito pokonza ndi kasamalidwe phokoso la anasonkhanitsa angathe sayansi-luso ndi mafakitale-njira zamakono mitundu yonse ya makampani.

mavuto Ntchito ya dera sayansi-luso ntchito, imene tsopano - mu nthawi yovuta mapangidwe dziko multipolar - ali kutsogolo, ali:

• mapangidwe mfundo mfundo asilikali luso, sayansi ndi umoyo ndi zachuma ziyenera a ziyembekezo chitukuko lonse zida zamakono (zaka 10-25);
• kusanthula zikuluzikulu ndi ovuta umisiri wa asilikali m'mayiko ndi mapangidwe mndandanda wa ntchito pokonzanso mphamvu zida asilikali;
• kuchititsa dongosolo kapangidwe chida machitidwe pofuna chitukuko moyenera;
• kukhazikitsidwa kwa boma pulogalamu ya ntchito zankhondo ndi mapangidwe dongosolo boma chitetezo, mogwirizana ndi zinthu zatsopano za chuma, za m'tsogolo;
• kukhazikitsa pulogalamu nthawi mpaka 2020 apamwamba kukulitsa wa Asilikali onyamula zida zina asilikali, formations asilikali ndi matupi (ndi kudalira deterrence nyukiliya ndi onse omwe cholinga mphamvu).

zovuta sayansi ndi luso ndi mavuto a ntchito yake

zovuta Scientific-zamakono zochokera umisiri mkulu ndipo yogwirizana kwambiri ndi gawo zachuma. Chifukwa chakuti m'zaka XXI, kusowa kwa m'badwo wa nzeru, luso ndi dzuwa chitukuko mkulu-mwatsatanetsatane limapindula kwa chuma, zinthu zimene asayansi ndi akatswiri, cholinga kuthetsa kugawikana ndi kudzipatula analenga ndi zomangamanga nzeru:

• othandiza kukhazikitsa zolinga mfundo boma m'munda wa sayansi ndi ntchito (Science, Technology ndi luso) ntchito; yothetsera mavuto a wamakono sayansi ya gawo chuma ;
• kukwaniritsa mofulumira kukula kwa kupanga mankhwala mkulu luso ndi wolemekezeka-kukonzedwa malonda;
• zomangamanga chitukuko cha ntchito nzeru (chitukuko ndi kuthandiza ntchito za luso ndi luso m'mapaki, m'mapaki luso, malo luso kutengerapo ndi zipangizo zasayansi);
• chilengedwe cha nyumba Integrated zinthu wapawiri-ntchito kuti amatha atengere zofuna msika wa nkhondo ndi mankhwala wamba; ntchito nchito ya kale anayamba umisiri wapawiri ntchito ndi chilengedwe cha atsopano.

Chikhalidwe ndi "amphamvu" mbali ya zovuta sayansi ndi luso la Russia - umisiri nyukiliya ndi laser; patsogolo kwambiri zimatheka ndi asayansi athu mu chitukuko ndi ntchito ya umisiri wa zipangizo zatsopano, kachitidwe zosagwiritsa. Amafuna ndalama kwambiri mphamvu komanso zikutanthauza kukwaniritsa dziko kalasi micro-, nano- ndi opto-pakompyuta wailesi, makompyuta mwachuluka lotha ndipo amafuna m'malo a zida zamakono mafakitale. patsogolo zamakono zimenezi imayendetsedwa ndi okhudzidwa - kwakukulukulu, ndithudi, State (otchedwa feduro pulogalamu - mapulogalamu feduro).

Scientific maphunziro ovuta: kusintha ndi nkhondo

Panopa, mfundo "sayansi-maphunziro ovuta" amatanthauza ya mabungwe a sekondale, amene zikugwira ntchito mu madera osiyana: yoyenera maphunziro, kufufuza, sayansi, luso ndi luso. Izi iwonso monga Intaneti bwenzi mayunivesite chikhalidwe, kufufuza ndi maphunziro malo, mabungwe maphunziro.

Research ndi pakati maphunziro a dziko - ndi "gwero la anthu oti", poona ndi mbali ya chuma msika, "nkhani ubale msika", Mlengi ndi katundu wa sayansi, maphunziro, nzeru mankhwala, katundu ndi ntchito. Panopa chuma njira ya dziko motero, choti ayankhe yake ndi yokonza "yopapatiza" akatswiri "generalists", ndiye anthu amene analibe "nzeru ndi luso" koma ali "competencies" ndipo "magwero wamphamvu maganizo nzeru, umisiri ndi ntchito. "

Mwatsoka, zofuna anapanga dongosolo maphunziro, komanso njira chifukwa wosadziŵa ndondomeko kusintha, kanthu koma chisoni, osati chifukwa. Mlingo wa maphunziro (zomwe Komabe, kenako sizinayende mu zapaderazi awo) ndi otsika. Kumene, boma chinapangidwa osati kwa chaka chimodzi, koma analengedwa pang'onopang'ono. Kukhala kusukulu, Mamembala maphunziro a ku yunivesite osakonzekera (koma ndi mphambu apamwamba pa mayeso!), Ndipo ndi "akuthamanga" njira n'zovuta "kupereka" chinachake nzeru.

Kodi zitenga nthawi yofufuza ndi ndodo maphunziro a m'dzikoli anawapeza bwino anakonza? Education ndi mbali yofunika ya kumanga maziko a zachuma nzeru. Pa gawo lino m'pofunika kulabadira chifukwa maphunziro kwenikweni kuganiza, akatswiri aluso odziwa peculiarities wa zinthu umoyo ndi zachuma cha a boma. Tiyenera kuvomereza kuti ntchito ya "tichepetse" alibe poyerekezera zenizeni zimene iwo ayenera kusinthidwa kuti akatswiri amene mukudziwa peculiarities ntchito m'munda awo, paliponse, ndi kuti achite izo pa mlingo boma. M'pofunikanso kulabadira dongosolo mopitiriza maphunziro kuphatikizapo kumadera osiyanasiyana akamaliza maphunziro ndi chitukuko akatswiri makonzedwe lolingana mabuku ndi kupereka mwayi kuti mudziwe paliponse ophunzira.

Scientific Industrial ovuta: zofunika ndi chiyembekezo

Scientific mafakitale zovuta ya ntchito chuma chuma cha dziko kumagwirizana ndi ntchito za maofesi ena mafakitale, wosiyana malinga ndi muyezo wa gawo makampani:

• agro-makampani;
• makampani chitetezo;
• Azamlengalenga;
• atomiki, mafuta ndi mphamvu;
• zina zamakono makampani mankhwala-mankhwala, microbiological ndi mankhwala mafakitale; zipangizo sayansi, kupanga zovuta zipangizo zogwiritsa ;
• Kumanga ndi kupanga makina zomanga maofesi ndi zina zotero. D.

The chifukwa mulingo woyenera wa citukuko ndi kuphatikiza mabungwe zovuta sayansi ndi mabizinezi mafakitale ntchito angathe kugawanika sayansi ndi luso. Kapangidwe Izi zimathandiza kuti pang'onopang'ono kusuntha kusintha mu njira ya kafukufuku wa sayansi ndi zomangamanga patsogolo ndi chilengedwe luso, kuti iwo monga ndinazolowera zosowa amakampani mafakitale alipo. Yopangidwa ndi mtundu wa mabungwe limodzi kafukufuku (monga Center "Kurchatov Institute") ndi mafakitale (atomiki mphamvu limodzi) pa muyezo wa luso ankatha kupereka magawo akadakwanitsira ndi m'zinthu za njira ya moyo wamakono wa sayansi-mafakitale zovuta za dziko.

Kufala kwa umisiri wamakono mfundo ndi kulankhulana adzapatsa kuchuluka kwa ntchito zina zamakono m'munda ndi yothandiza - thanzi, maphunziro, gawo ndalama.

Kafukufuku wa sayansi zovuta: zakuthupi mkulu ndi subsoil

Research ovuta umabweretsa pamodzi mabungwe amene akuchititsa ntchito komanso kupeza zinthu zatsopano ndi tanthauzo lake ndi ntchito zothandiza kuti akonze mankhwala atsopano - mankhwala kapena luso.

Childs, mabungwe amenewa amatchedwa "Institute Research", koma zovuta mulinso miyala, zosiyanasiyana za sayansi ndi zambiri malo, madera odziwa ulendo, m'madipatimenti m'makalata, zigawo ndi misonkhano, kufufuza ndi kupanga Kugwirizana ndi Laboratories, komanso ndi Observatory, botanical m'munda, siteshoni Chowona Zanyama, osiyana komanso zitsanzo (mwachitsanzo, bungwe la International nyukiliya riyakitala experimental).

ntchito Scientific, kuyezetsa, kumuyesa mu mabungwe awa ndi pa zipangizo zina zapadera. Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku mndandanda wa Russia ndi mbali yaikulu ya chitetezo mtundu wa boma m'munda wa kafukufuku chitukuko, ndi magwiritsidwe chuma mchere a m'nyanja amagwiritsa ntchito zake bwalo lolingana, zida ndi zipangizo zofunika ndi zipangizo.

Kusintha kwa Russian Academy of Sciences

Creation wa Academy of Sciences - umboni mwachindunji kuyesetsa kusintha kwa Peter Ine ndi Catherine I (1725), umalimbana kulimbitsa ufulu chuma ndi ndale ya Russia. Mfumu amayamikira angathe kuganiza sayansi, kufunika kwa maphunziro apamwamba ndi chikhalidwe cha chuma cha boma. Yopangidwa ndi Academy poyamba integrates ntchito za kafukufuku ndi bungwe maphunziro (yunivesite ndi sekondale). M'tsogolo - pafupifupi atatu zaka - ntchito sayansi ya Academy anatumikira monga chitsanzo cha kuchulukana lingathe dziko. Wokwanira mayina a chotero asayansi odziwika bwino amene ntchito mwa makoma ake, monga Euler, M. V. Lomonosov, S. P. Sitimayo inagunda, KG Razumovsky.

"Zopinga" mu ntchito ya Ras anayamba ndi mapeto a XVIII atumwi, pamene linayamba amawanena kuti chilakolako kwambiri chifukwa zikuchitika ongolankhula, samoizolirovannost, kudzipatula mavuto mwamsanga dziko ndi onse - "wopanda". Ndipo mu 1870-80-ntchentche. Academy chidwi cha anthu mogwirizana ndi kukana mphatso mphoto maphunziro asayansi otchuka Mechnikov, IM Sechenov ndi D. Mendeleyev. Adawomba atamunamizira "odana Russian" Cholinga cha dongosolo ili la sayansi.

Pambuyo utasintha wa USSR Academy of Sciences wakhala lolunjika pa zomangamanga ndi zofufuza - kupambana onse chuma cha dziko zinalengedwa motsogoleredwa ake. Komabe, mu nthawi ya ku 90. Mu zaka zapitazo, ndipo tsopano Russian Academy of Sciences akukumana ndi boma la okhazikika mavuto. akuphatikizapo chikukwera ndipo ayamba kugwira ntchito, ndiye mwadzidzidzi anathetsa.

Popeza 2013 ndi nthawi kusintha kwambiri ndipo ziŵalo ya Russian Academy of Sciences. Akamanena za kusintha, malinga D. A. Medvedeva, - "kulola asayansi kuganizira makamaka pa sayansi ndi kafukufuku, ndi kuti awathandize ku ntchito sanali pachimake kasamaliridwe kakatundu ndi ntchito limodzi". Komabe, asayansi anawadzudzula kuti makinawa boma akufuna, chifukwa "iwo woyikidwa mu mawonekedwe a amakani ndi zowononga." Choncho, akufuna ziŵalo, koma kwenikweni - kuyanjana oipa a nyumba zosiyanasiyana za ku Ras, umene mapeto ake ndi ovuta Scientific la Russia monga "kudziletsa bungwe" dongosolo kuti osaitanidwa.

Mu kalata lotseguka kwa V. V. Putinu Academician Zhores Alferov taonera zikayenda anthu apadera amene anatuluka m'dziko lathu chifukwa cha Russian Academy of Sciences: "chilengedwe cha chishango nyukiliya; mphamvu nyukiliya ndi zombo za nyukiliya; malo kufufuza ndi kumpoto Nyanja Route; Siberia ndi Far East ndi bungwe komwe malo atsopano kafukufuku; Rada ndi michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi "Kukwera" ndi ena ambiri. " kusintha ogwira n'kofunika, koma ndi thandizo la asayansi otchuka ndi mandala kupanga zisankho mwa dongosolo la - kuti ndi lingaliro zoyambirira za Zionetsero, amene anayambitsa mu July 2013

Vuto malo mu moyo wa masiku ano Russian sayansi ndi maphunziro

Ntchito yaikulu ya asayansi - kupereka wathunthu katswiri thandizo ku dziko la mbali yofunika kwambiri. mavuto zoonekeratu kuti aime motsutsa maziko a chitukuko cha makono sayansi zovuta la Russia ndi izi:

- kulephera azachuma, malowedwe mu mabwalo kasamalidwe oipa "ogwira Ngopambana" ziphuphu kwaiye mabungwe (mwachitsanzo, "Skolkovo" Fund);

- zowononga njira ya kukonzanso sayansi ndi maphunziro, makamaka akufuna kusintha kwa Ras, ziyembekezo za kuwonongedwa kwa lingathe sayansi mabungwe Ras ndi dziko lonse;

- Corporate ndi utsogoleri lobbying chitukuko sayansi ndi malonda a: konsekonse;

- pamodzi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama pali chosowa ndalama kafukufuku zamakono.

Choncho, kuthetsa vuto la sayansi - si akatswiri chabe, komanso ofufuza, chuma, ndi akuluakulu a boma.