Pansi pa nyanja dziko kufufuza ndani? Akatswiri nyanja dziko

Akatswiri ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana asonyeza kuti zamoyo padziko madzi misa lonse la nyanja (MO). Asayansi anazindikira izi ngakhale m'zaka za m'ma otsiriza, ndipo masiku ano zipangizo pansi pa nyanja, chikutsimikizira kuti kuli nsomba, nkhanu, nsomba zazinkhanira, nyongolotsi pa yakuya mpaka 11,000 m. Tiyeni tione mmene pansi pa nyanja kuphunzira French wasayansi Zhak Pikar, chopereka anapangidwa ndi English ndi oceanographers Russian.

Madzi Padziko Lapansi - chinthu nthaŵi zonse anthu

zaka 400-500 zapitazo, apaulendo ambiri kuoneratu zimene kukula koona ndi kuya a m'nyanja. Kutsegulanso maganizo nthano zambiri Atlantis, anataya mu kuya kwa nyanja, zikhulupiliro za dziko lapamwambalo la El Dorado, kumene madzi adzapatsidwe achinyamata wosatha. Azungu panyanja kuti kugombe lakutali komwe zambiri golide, zokongoletsera, ndi zonunkhira zonse zakhala zoopsa chifukwa kukhalapo am'nyanja miyala ndi shoals lalikulu mu njira ya ngalawa. Koma sindinasiye kupanga kwambiri atulukira Hrs, mapu ambiri nyanja ndi Magombe, kupeza ndime pakati kumtunda komanso chilumba.

Amene afufuza dziko nyanja pansi mu kale Zapakati? Panyanja ankaphunzira m'madzi zimachititsa chilumbachi njira kupezeka kwa iwo, mapu ndi globes. Asayansi amati padziko madzi padziko lathuli katatu m'dera dziko (361 miliyoni 149 Km ^2, motero). Nyanja mu M'mbiri yonse ndi mphamvu pa chitukuko cha malonda, nsomba ndi woyendayenda. Ntchito ya chitetezo mu mapangidwe nyengo ndi nyengo pa dziko, kupereka anthu ndi chakudya.

Limbo Oceanology (Oceanography)

Pansi pa nyanja kufufuza Ferdinand Magellan pa ulendo wake kuzungulira dziko; Ife tcheru kuyeza akuya Hristofor Kolumb ndi Amerigo Vespucci. Koma iwo anali asayansi, ndi amalonda ndi amalinyero. Mu XIX-XX zaka awonjezera udindo wa sayansi mu phunziro la nyanja. Ndiyamika zomwe ofufuza ayikidwa kale madzi otetezedwa analenga mafunde maps of amenewa ndi kutentha, m'madzi ndi pansi-ayezi zimachititsa chilumbachi.

Pa nthawi yomweyo chitukuko cha kutumiza yathandiza kwambiri pa gulu ndi ntchito Maulendo sayansi. Izi n'zimene zinachitikira zoyandama zombo Russian amene anapita ulendo wozungulira dziko, anafika pa magombe a Antarctica. phunziro unapangidwa bungwe ndi gombe ndi kuya kwa nyanja kumpoto ndi Far East.

Amene afufuza pansi pa nyanja

maulendo chinathandiza bwino kudzikundikira zokhudza Utumiki wa chitetezo. Pang'onopang'ono panali kukhala wa sayansi dera - oceanography. Pakati oyambitsa ake - Boris Varenius Dutch ndi Russian Yuri Shokalsky. A chopereka kwambiri kwa ndondomekoyi zinapangidwa ndi panyanja Russian ndi asilikali. Pansi pa nyanja kufufuza oyamba Italian L. Marsilio.

Pa chiyambi cha XIX atumwi asayansi Russian E. Lenz ndi E. Parrot anatulukira kuya n'zotsimikizira. Mu zaka za m'ma chomwecho American JM. Brook walenga kwambiri alekanitsa katundu kusonkhanitsa zitsanzo nthaka. zikayenda izi akwanitsa akukuponderezani ophunzira oceanographic ulendo pa sitima British "Challenger". Mothandizidwa ndi a British Royal Society, asayansi mu zaka 1872-1876 chopereka wachuma wa zomera zam'madzi ndi nyama, ndi anayeza kuya kwa nyanja ya Atlantic, Indian ndi Pacific. Mmodzi mwa akatswiri otchuka a nthawi zofunika kunyamula Russian oceanographer S. O. Makarova, amene anaphunzira Black ndi Mediterranean nyanja.

Miyezo mu nyanja anathandiza kulenga kumayambiriro kwa XX m'ma pafupifupi zonse kuya mapu. Pafupifupi zaka 100 zapitazo m'malo chingwe zambiri anabwera mafunde phokoso ndi zipangizo - sounders. chipangizo limatulutsa mbendera phokoso, kumene munthu amasonyeza pansi ndi Akusonkhanitsa. Kudziwa nthawi ndi liwiro oganiza madzi akamagwira kuwerengetsa mtunda kuti ayenera kugawidwa mu theka. Chimenechi chidzakhala akuya m'dera kayesedwe.

Kutsegula pansi pa MO

sounders Echo kuti anatsegula ofufuza za m'nyanja mwayi. M'zaka lotsiriza la zaka za m'ma XIX ndi zaka pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse sankawabisira chidwi kukula mu zamoyo wa chitetezo. Asayansi anasonkhana umboni kuti kuli moyo osati wosanjikiza pamwamba pa madzi, komanso pa mozama. Mu theka lachiwiri la XX m'ma dziko lonse anawuluka pamwamba pa zithunzi zimene anthu aona pansi pa nyanja. Photo deepwater zamoyo anagwira malingaliro a anthu wamba. Pambuyo zamoyo mu mdima kwathunthu pa kutentha pafupifupi 2-3 ° C, ndipo ndi losonyeza ziwalo za magetsi.

Asayansi kujambula mapu a yaitali m'ma nyanja zitunda, matendawa, ena mapiri. Zinali zovuta kufufuza alumali chokhala ndi otsetsereka, koma apainiya woona ankakopa mozama. Back mu m'ma XIX, maulendowa "Challenger" anapeza Anakaligawa malo akuya mu Utumiki wa silikhali m'dera la Islands Mariana mu kumpoto Pacific Ocean. chutes awa chifukwa cha kugunda kwa nsanja wamphamvu chokhala ndi mbale woonda zikuluzikulu. Dziko lonselo matendawa, kwambiri m'nyanja kukumana achinyamata mapiri.

Chinthu kuphunzira - pansi pa nyanja

Akatswiri Mariana ngalande Swiss oceanographer Zhak Pikar, pamodzi ndi nzika US Don Walsh. Kumiza thupi ofufuza ntchito pa nyanja galimoto "Trieste". Izo zinachitika mwambo wofunika January 23, 1960. Lisanaperekedwe, kuk experimental anali wotchuka French wotsogolera ndi zachilengedwe Jacques IV Kusto, amene kenako anajambula mabuku za moyo pansi pa nyanja.

Zhak Pikar ndi Don Walsh, pamodzi "Trieste," Inabuka "phompho Challenger" mu kum'mwera kumadzulo kwa Mariana ngalande. kuya pano ndi 10 911-11 030 mamita m'munsimu mlingo MO. Nthawi bathyscaphe mbadwa anali za 5 maola, ndi ofufuza za ufa akuya mu dziko akhala pansi kwa mphindi 20, analimbitsa mphamvu chokoleti ndipo anayamba kukwera, womwe unatenga maola oposa 3.

Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti a nyama zosiyanasiyana pansi pa nyanja competes ndi kuchuluka kwa zinyama am'nyanja otentha matanthwe. zamoyo zam'madzi benthic ndinazolowera malo awo, pamene pansi pa zigwa mdima ndi ozizira.

Malangizo waukulu zofufuza ano MO

Theka lachiwiri la m'zaka za m'ma XX chinali chiyambi cha gawo lonse la phunziro la nyanja. kusambira bungwe ziwiya kafukufuku, pobowola pa nyanja kusonkhanitsa zitsanzo nthaka. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma otsiriza, asayansi tcheru kwambiri kugwira ntchito mogwirizana kwa MO ndi kumtunda, zotsatira pa nyengo.

Kuyambira pamenepo, monga pansi pa nyanja kufufuza Zhak Pikar, zinamutengera nthawi yaitali. kafukufuku Oceanographic akupitiriza, iwo akhoza kudziwa ku MO mapiri wosakwatiwa, n'kupita vuto ndi ntchito zivomerezi. Chifukwa cha kugunda mbale zikuluzikulu ndi chokhala, kuphulitsa mapiri kumachitika masoka achilengedwe anapha masauzande anthu amizidwa mu kuya kwa madzi a pachilumbachi, pali mafunde akuluakulu - tsunami. Adzalandira mphamvu yowononga ya chimphepo amachokera pa nyanja ndi kugwa pa gombe. Anthu kuphunzira ndi chenjezo yake ya ngozi awa - limodzi mwa mavuto a oceanography ano.

nkhokwe chidwi zachilengedwe MO kulola anthu kudalira moyo osasamala ali kwa mazana a zaka. Madzi a m'nyanja wachita kale furrowing nsomba osati, katundu, zonyamula ndi ziwiya asilikali. Kufufuza ndi kafukufuku zombo zikuluzikulu kupanga nsanja zitsulo, popanda zomwe n'zovuta kulingalira nyanja chosaneneka.