Mbiri ya malonda mu Russia

mu dziko malonda zinaoneka pafupifupi imodzi ndi zikamera wa malonda, amene anali chimodzi cha zizindikiro zoyamba za chitukuko. Chitsanzo wamkulu malonda kuti wafika nthawi yathu, akuti ndi chidutswa cha amtunduwu ku Iguputo, lomwe limati bwino kutsatsa kwa malonda a ukapolo. Kuyambira malonda amtunduwu amayamba nkhani ya zikamera wa malonda. Mu Roma ndi Greece wakale, ntchito malonda amene analembedwa pa mkuwa ndi fupa mbale kapena utoto pa magome matabwa.

Mbiri ya malonda mu Russia imayamba ndi zaka X-XI. Pa nthawi imeneyo, amalonda Russian anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana pofuna bwino kugulitsa katundu wawo. Masiku amenewo, kalasi wamalonda imatengedwa yachibadwa anakopekanso makhalidwe kwambiri za katundu anagulitsa mwadala kusocheretsa ogula. The njira ambiri anali kulemba ntchito criers, amene anayenda m'miseu masitolo pamodzi ndi mokweza kutamanda shopu komanso anagulitsa katundu wawo.

oimira kwambiri yowala mawu malonda pakamwa pa zaka zonsezi anali malonda, amene ngakhale ali mu folklore. Malonda ankaimba limericks, nazale rhymes, rhymes, zomwe zimasangalatsa ndi zovuta kumvetsa mawonekedwe a zolengeza katundu wawo waung'ono (zingwe, maliboni, mipango, zisa, malikhweru, maswiti, donuts, makeke) ndipo nthawi yomweyo atha. Mbiri ya malonda mu Russia ananenanso za amathandiza kwambiri chitukuko cha zithunzi zawo wotchipa otchuka. Kwa nthawi yoyamba iwo amatchulidwa mu XVII atumwi, pamene ngati matabwa zoseketsa chokongoletsedwa m'nyumba yachifumu. zithunzi izi amaona anakonda Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.

M'kupita kwa nthawi, zithunzi anayamba kuoneka zizindikiro, zimene mosavuta komanso momveka tikuyidziwa nkhani zosiyanasiyana kapena zochitika. Zonsezi inapangidwa kuchokera momveka bwino kwambiri ndi zokongola. Posachedwa splints kuti anapeza osati mu nyumba yachifumu lachifumu, koma m'makomo ambiri. The kufalitsa zithunzi zotchipa otchuka mbe ndi zambiri malonda. Pamene Russia anayamba apeze patsogolo malonda katundu yachilendo, splints akhala kunalengezedwa ndi yapamwamba zabodza zopezeka mankhwala.

Kale chiyambi cha m'ma XVIII, lofalitsidwa pansi Peter Ine «Vedomosti» akuyamba chibwenzi malonda kulisindikiza. Mbiri ya malonda mu Russia anapatsidwa mphamvu zina pamene kale m'zaka za m'ma XIX kufalitsa lonse la malonda m'nyuzipepala wayamba. Pa nthawi yomweyo, m'mizinda yambiri Russian linayamba kukhazikitsa matebulo chonse chimene kuzilemba masamba malonda. Mapepala chomwecho glued pa trams ndi kathakal. Pa khomo la masitolo ndi m'ntchito zina akalandire m'manja mwa nimble anyamata mndandanda malonda mtengo ndi kalendala. Development wa mankhwala pa nthawi ino anachititsanso kuti pakufunika kuzindikira onse a anthu ndi mwayi wa mankhwala atsopano setifiketi.

Mbiri ya chitukuko cha malonda ku Russia zapita patsogolo kwambiri kuchokera zikamera wa njira yatsopano ndi mawonekedwe a malonda kwachititsa kuti zikamera wa apadera malonda mabungwe, maofesi ndi bureaus. Wachibadidwe mbiri ya malonda mu Russia anatembenuka pambuyo October kuukira boma la 1917 chaka. Malonda wakhala kwathunthu m'manja mwa boma malamulo zoyamba za mphamvu ya Soviet Union. ntchito malonda analetsedwa kugulitsa katundu, iye anali mwangwiro ndale.

Kubweranso kwa otsatsa ikupita anali lokha pa NEP lapansi. A chitsanzo chapadera cha kanjedza malonda a nthawi kuti angathe kuonedwa monga V. V. Mayakovskogo, amene nkhaniyo kwambiri luntha lake. Mawu ake owala ndi catchy wakhala chidwi ogula ndi mankhwala makamaka. Koma anthu Soviet pang'onopang'ono ndinazolowera wapadera mwayi malonda zofunika za dongosolo limene linalipo mu dziko. Ngakhale pambuyo kumayambiriro msika chuma dziko kugwa mitundu zokomera malonda kasamalidwe ku Russia zinali ndi cholinga chake chenicheni - kuphunzitsa osiyanasiyana waukulu ogula ndi makhalidwe ofunika katundu kapena misonkhano.