Ndi zomwe wa wotchuka Ufumu wa Byzantium pansi Justinian chiyani? Nthawi ya Justinian

A zambiri mibadwo kusunga chikumbukiro cha nthawi ya wolamulira wamkulu wa Byzantine Ufumu Justinian monga kachisi wa jurisprudence ndi wopanga malamulo waukulu. Mwachibadwa, kusintha onse zochokera maziko yaikulu ya lamulo lakale Roma, ndi chifuniro cha Justinian anabadwa ndipo mothandizidwa ndi zofunika za moyo - ndi asapita komanso umoyo ndi zachuma ndale mu dziko kuti masinthidwe ofunika.

Kuyambira wacinai m'ma chimodzi, nthawi dziko lonse amapereka zovuta koma kwambiri. Byzantium mofulumira kusuntha panjira patsogolo, ngakhale khama la ukapolo. The Code Chilamulo Civil, anakhala limagwirira athe kubweretsa boma nyumba yotsatira siteji ya chitukuko cha anthu - dongosolo ang'onoang'ono. Ndicho chimene zikayenda anatchuka kwambiri Ufumu wa Byzantium pansi Justinian.

review malamulo

Mu nthawi imeneyi Transitional akhala yovomerezeka ena mabungwe a malamulo a Roma, mu mawonekedwe pang'ono kusinthidwa, atumikira mokhulupirika makalasi ulamuliro wa ufumu. Maphunziro ulamuliro, kumene ukapolo, kalasi ndi partitions chikhalidwe, mitundu yonse ya maudindo dongosolo kulamulira kwathunthu likukwaniritsa zofuna za echelons chapamwamba cha anthu, ndipo Ufumu wa Byzantine pansi Justinian sanapange masitepe kwambiri kwambiri kumanganso boma. Justinian ananena mfundo ndiwofatsa wa N'ZOSACHITA kufunsa kulemekeza Kale, amene amaphunzitsa. N'chifukwa chake m'zaka lachisanu ndi chimodzi malamulo Byzantine yoweramitsidwa lamulo la Aroma.

Makamaka m'mizinda ikuluikulu ya malonda Byzantine ndi zamanja asangalala, panali zosiyanasiyana katundu ndi kugula malonda. Zenizeni adamfunsa ndipo inalamula ndi lamulo mwatsatanetsatane katundu ufulu, monga inamangidwa pa izo chuma cha boma. Ndipo lamulo la Aroma limakupatsani kwathunthu choika maziko, kuyambira pansi pano chifukwa cha zina zabwino zokhudzana ndege iliyonse eniake.

Komabe, zinthu zatsopano amafuna zinthu zambiri mu malamulo alipo la malamulo a Aroma. Iwo anayamba ntchito yovuta kwambiri m'nthawi lachisanu ndi chimodzi, tsopano ife tikudziwa chimene zomwe wa Ufumu wa Byzantium wotchuka pansi Justinian. Dongosolo latsopano chikhalidwe mwamsanga zinayambira, adamfunsa ubale zina makalasi ndi anthu wotchuka. Ndi mgwirizano uliwonse zimafunikira kulembetsa moyenera malamulo.

Chirengedwe cha malamulo angatsutse

zifukwa malamulo amene anapanga maziko a codification cha chilamulo:

• zikutsutsana malangizo malamulo;
• lamulo amaona;
• popanda malamulo ndi machitidwe gulu;
• chakale terminology;
• nduna umasinthasintha.

Palibe gawo ndi malamulo chakale, kapena ntchito, ngakhale ukulu lodziwika bwino ndi chilamulo mwambo Roma, Justinian sakanakhoza. Iye anasankhidwa kukhala apakatikati pa theka kusintha njira. Ndipo Zimatheka kunyengalera.

codification la chilamulo

Chiyambi cha ntchito yaikulu - codification la chilamulo - imatengedwa kuti zaka 528. Mwachibadwa, zimenezi ft munthu mmodzi akhoza kuchita. Ngakhale Code Chilamulo Civil chikutchedwa Justinian, iye anagwira ntchito pa chilengedwe cha mwana ili la chilamulo, ndithudi, iye sanatero.

Mfumu anali ndi mtima wofuna kwambiri despot. Iye mofunitsitsa osati kutsogoleredwa nkhondo kubwezeretsa ufumu wa Roma, kukonza mkati komanso chidwi ndi anachita zonse kuti kutchedwa dziko kwambiri wopanga malamulo. Nkhondo Komabe, sankachita nawo. A malamulo a si chozama. Koma ichi - malamulo a nkhondo ndi - wotchuka Ufumu wa Byzantium pansi Justinian.

Iye anali mwini wa malingaliro onse ndi kanthu kwathunthu mu ntchito - kwenikweni sizingawakwanire mutu wa boma? Mphamvu, nthawi, ndalama - Justinian anapulumutsa kanthu kulenga thupi latsopano la malamulo: mowirikiza ankayang'ana analimbikitsa ojambula zithunzi zonse anazindikira zinthu, kupeza wanzeru, wodziwa wodziwa anthu. Iye anasonyeza yekha Kaisara woona, ndipo osandulika Ufumu wa Byzantine pansi Justinian.

ojambula zithunzi

Zokonza kusintha kwa Justinian sakanakhoza kutenga malo woterowo mokondwera ngati si moyo wa ogwira lonse - quaestor Tribonian. Mwapadera ophunzitsidwa, mphatso zopambana talente ndi chosaneneka pantchito, wotchuka wachilamulo Tribonian anali kwambiri pa ankafunila anapeza Justinian. Mwa atumiki khumi ambiri odziwa boma, anayamba ntchito ndi Code wa Justinian. Anayamba kuyenda lamulolo quaestor wakale wa dziko la nyumba yachifumu - wansembe Patrikiy Ioann. Onse khumi ojambula zithunzi okonzanso anali amuna a sayansi, mosatopa ndiponso Amalimbikira ntchito ndi chifukwa anthu. Chapadera katswiri, Professor Teofilo malamulo.

Chiyambi cha ntchito

wofunika kwambiri kuchuluka kwa ndondomeko lachifumu anasankhidwa kuti ali oyenera ntchito lero komanso kuwunikira zizindikiro kale analenga - Gregorieva, Theodosiev ndi Germogenianova - kuti kusankha lofunika kwambiri mwa ndondomeko yomwe kutsatira zofuna latsopano nthawi ndi ali oyenera mchitidwe malamulo. Lamulo zolakwazo, amachotsa lotha onse, kuthetsa kusemphana ndi kubwereza. Patangotha chaka anatenga asayansi amuna a Baibulo loyambirira la Code wa Justinian. Mu April 529, zinadziwika chilamulo.

Kumene, Ndikunena ndi udzu. Koma kusindikiza kwachiwiri, ngakhale inatha mwachilungamo msanga, kale zimatithandiza kumvetsa chimene zomwe wa Ufumu wa Byzantium wotchuka pansi Justinian. Justinian Code mu kusindikiza kwachiwiri zaka 534 anasunga lero. Ndi ofunikira, iye anatchuka padziko lonse.

Digesty

Ngati timamasulira mawu ndi Latin, zimaonekeratu kuti latsopano malamulo - ndi chinthu amatengedwa ndi kuperekedwa mu dongosolo. Kufanana ntchito imeneyi ndipo amatchedwa Greek - kudya, kutanthauza "zonse mu yokha."

M'chaka cha 530 kale ku woyamba ntchito Tribonian pamodzi ndi aphunzitsi ena malamulo anayi anayambitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Digest. Iwo anabwera maloya khumi ndi wapamwamba makonzedwe lachifumu. Kenako, ndiAmene mankhwala anadziwika monga ankalemba, monga iwo makamaka analemba ntchito za jurists Roma. Komabe, ntchito patsogolo pawo ndi kovuta kwambiri, ndi cholinga wapawiri. Sikuti kusonkhanitsa ndi dongosolo zochuluka malamulo cholowa, komanso kusunga mfundo zikuluzikulu malamulo mwamphamvu. mabuku zikwi ziwiri chachikulu, pa mizere mamiliyoni atatu. Osati lemba zolembalemba, kumene. Nyanja, nyanja ntchito!

Justinian anamvetsa kukula kwa ntchitoyo Choncho, anapereka Commission mpaka mapeto - khumi. Komabe, zaka zitatu zitadutsa Digesty inayambanso mu ufumuwo. Ndicho chimene uziyenda bwino ndiponso kukonzekera kanthu! Aliyense loya ntchito anapatsidwa othandizira - alembi amagwiritsidwa kwambiri bwino lamulo. Kwa magulu ena a magwero, ophunzira onse anali ogaŵikana zigawo: achilamulo kusonkhanitsa ndi m'kagulu zipangizo, ndi ntchito wazipenyerera ndi kusintha malemba Digest mmene lilili.

Choncho makumi asanu mabuku Digest zinalengedwa. M'madera zisanu ndi ziwiri. Buku alinso magawano: pa maudindo ndi snippets. Total - 433 maudindo ndi ndalama zoposa 9200. Makumi asanu ndi anayi wotchuka malamulo Roma m'zaka za m'ma AD woyamba, ndi mpaka zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi analowa Digesty: Quintus Mucius Scaevola, Alphen var, Elly Gant, Paulo Papinian, Gayo, Ulpian, Modestian ndi ena.

Mu kachisi uyu, malamulo a Roma anali, ndithudi, ndi mipata ndi kusiyana, koma kwa nthawi, ntchito imeneyi ndi kwakukulu kwambiri kotero kuti ndi bwino zimene zomwe wa Ufumu wa Byzantium wotchuka pansi Justinian. The yochepa Yankho ndi lakuti: "Digesty".

malamulo kusintha maphunziro

Kukonza malamulo atsopano amafuna kulemba kalozera yosavuta phunziro ndi kuphunzitsa za chilamulo. mabuku amenewa mabuku Roma lotchedwa mabungwe. Iwo ali monga Kufikika ngati n'kotheka kunali koyenera kuti uzipereke boma la chilamulo, kutaya malamulo ndi lothandiza kulungamitsa kusintha malamulo.

onse chomwecho Tribonian Teofilo ndi Dorotheus anamaliza November, zaka 533 ndipo ntchito Justinian. Inalinso yachokera, makamaka ochokera ku mabungwe Gaya, Florentina, Marciana, Ulpian ndi Paulo, koma ndi chikoka bwino Justinian Code ndi Digest.

Mabungwe a Justinian inalembedwa mu maonekedwe Kufikika wa nkhani ogaŵikana mabuku anayi. Ife yatsikira kwa ife si yoyambirira yeniyeni, ndi zolembedwa wa m'zaka za m'ma - motalika zaululidwa ndi bwino ntchito Mabungwe m'mayiko ambiri Ulaya. Masukulu malamulo Ufumu wa Byzantine, iwo anaphunzira ngati kalozera ndi kuchita ntchito mu kusanthula milandu, chifukwa pasanapite nthawi anakhala lamulo lachifumu.

Wotchuka Ufumu wa Byzantium

Pamene Justinian ntchito malamulo inayambitsa akupitirirabe. A mbali zitatu malamulo a malamulo a mayikowo anapitiriza kuti: malamulo anatuluka patatha zaka 534, mayina Novell. Iwo anali olumikizidwa mwa chopereka limodzi pa moyo wa Justinian. Ichi chidachitika ina. Tsopano kudziwika atatu zosonkhanitsira zotere, ndipo palibe mmodzi wa iwo sanali mkulu wa boma.

Chotero kodi wotchuka Ufumu wa Byzantium pansi Justinian? The yochepa yankho ntchito. Chilamulo chinayambira komanso akamaliza malamulo amenewa malamulo ndiponso mfundo monga chiphunzitso cha makhalidwe, ufulu malamulo boma ndi anthu, mwambo, ubale wa chilamulo, anthu ndipo munthu, panali anthu ambiri malamulo akuti, akali moyo. ndi zomwe wa wotchuka Ufumu wa Byzantium pansi Justinian chiyani? mayankho a mafunso motere:

• zamoyo za chiphunzitso cha ufulu;
• mfundo ufulu chilengedwe - kwa anthu onse;
• titling chuma limodzi;
• ufulu wachibadwidwe wa munthu ndi ufulu;
• lingaliro la dongosolo logwirizana malamulo;
• ufulu nzika ya Roma kwa akapolo anamasulidwa;
• maudindo ndi kukaniza ufulu wa servicemen;
• udindo malamulo a anthu akumidzi;
• chiletso ufulu wa ukapolo: ndi maganizo oyenera ndi maso, osati chinthu;
• zosabvuta pa ndondomeko amasulidwe akapolo;
• lamulo banja;
• chilamulo cha motsatizana;
• mfundo za ufulu wa ukwati: Aroma ndipo sanali Aroma, anthu ndi anthu omwe sanali nzika.

Komanso, Justinian kwambiri kumatanthauza kulimbikitsa onse ankhondo amphamvu ndi ndale Byzantium. Pamaso pake anali wofuna cholinga - kubwezeretsa kwa Ufumu wa Roma mu malire ake akale. Ndipo iye bwinobwino kwambiri akuyendera izo. Kuopseza waukulu ufumuwo ankaimira East, makamaka wamphamvu Iran. Kumapeto kwa nkhondo m'malire a dziko la Iran ndi Byzantium anakhalabe pa malire m'mbuyomu, koma mu dera la chikoka Byzantium anali Lazika, Crimea, Arabia, Armenia, pamene Chikhristu pang'onopang'ono anapambana. Adzagonjetsa Justinian omvera Vandals mu Africa North, iwo unagawidwa ufumu wa Ostrogoths ku Italy, akunjawo ataya dera lalikulu la Spain. Justinian anakwanitsa kugonjetsa lonse Balkan Peninsula. gawo ali kawiri, malire pafupi ndi malire wakale wa Roma. Zonsezi ndi otchuka Ufumu Byzantine pansi Justinian.