Alexis de A Tocqueville: ganizo la boma abwino

French woganiza Alexis de A Tocqueville anabadwa July 29, 1805 mu Paris, ku banja zabwino. Agogo ake anali munthu wotchuka monarchist, pamaso pa Convention kumbuyo Louis XVI ndipo anafa pa Great zisinthe. Banja anachita chirichonse Alexis analandira khalidwe owolowa manja luso maphunziro. Mu unyamata wake, kubala ku Versailles ofesi milandu, iye mwachidule kuchita chilamulo. Koma Tocqueville ndi zambiri chidwi kwambiri mu umoyo ndale dera, kumene anasamukira nthawi yomweyo ananyamuka.

Malingaliro a woganiza

Mosiyana ndi agogo ake ndi bambo, Alexis de A Tocqueville, amene yonena ndi chitsanzo cha munthu moyo wake wonse ndi chidaliro zomwe zikutsalirazi zolinga demokalase zinali kutali kukhala monarchist. Lingaliro wake wa boma abwino anapanga kudzera ankadziwa ndiye pang'ono amazindikira ndi United States mu Europe.

Mu America, Tocqueville anali mu 1831. Iye anapita kunja monga mbali ya kukachita bizinesi imene inali tione dongosolo ndende ya United States. Monga Alexis de A Tocqueville, m'badwo umene mu Europe zikanakhala zosiyana Ngati sikudali chitsanzo cha kuwala wachikondi America, ndinkafuna kufufuza demokalase woona wa madera kale British.

A ulendo wa US

Mu America, ku France anapita ndi mnzake Gustave de A Beaumont. Pa nyanja, anakhala miyezi inayi. yonseyi, ndi comrades zimayendera pa matauni osiyanasiyana, analankhula ndi anzeru m'deralo, alemba ntchito zidindo za moyo chipangizo ndi anthu achilendo.

Mu 1831 Pulezidenti US Endryu Dzhekson anali Democrat. Tocqueville anali mwayi - anali mu dziko likufa yaikulu kusintha zokhudza zonse okha. Ndi mgwirizano boma la mayiko khumi ndi zitatu anagwirizana khumi panobe. Awiri a iwo (Missouri ndi Louisiana) akhazikika kwa kwambiri Mississippi Mtsinje. French mlendo anatha kuona ndekha kulamulira chachikulu m'mayiko akumadzulo, nafuna adventurers ndi dziko latsopano.

Mu 1831, anthu US anali 13 miliyoni ndipo anapitiriza kukula mofulumira. Anthu ambiri kusiya mayiko akum'mawa ndi kusamukira ku West. Chifukwa cha ichi chinali kutukula bizinesi. Kum'mawa zigawo mafakitale ankasiyana zinthu osauka m'mafakitale, kawirikawiri ulova ndi mavuto nyumba. Nthawi zambiri, Alexis de A Tocqueville anali ku New England. Iye anapita Great Lakes, anayang'ana Canada, Tennessee, Ohio, New Orleans. The France anali mu Washington, kumene iye anali wokhoza kuti ayanjane ndi mfundo za ntchito ya boma.

Tocqueville anakumana ndi anadziwa ambiri otchuka ndi otchuka America: Endryu Dzheksonom, Albert Gallatenom, Dzhonom Kuinsi Adamsom, Sparks Jerid ndi Francis Lieber. kukambirana Short monga mlendo anali ndi akuluakulu a zigawo zonse za anthu. Tocqueville ndi Beaumont anafunsa America mafunso ambirimbiri. m'makalata awo anzanga ndi achibale mfundo kukonzekera bwino nkhani.

"Democracy ku America"

ulendo Tocqueville kwa United States wabereka zipatso - Buku la "Democracy ku America." padalembedwa bwino osati France, koma mu Europe. Posakhalitsa unasamutsidwa m'zinenero khumi yachilendo. Waukulu kwambiri mbali ya buku anakhala mtima tsankho la wolemba nkhani yake, nzeru ndi kuya kwa chidziwitso mutuwo komanso kuchuluka kwa chuma anasonkhana wapadera. Alexis de A Tocqueville, "Democracy ku America," amene sanataye kufunika kwake lero, chifukwa iye anali mpake m'gulu la theorists bwino ndale za m'ma XIX.

Mu buku lake, wolemba poyerekeza dongosolo la ndale la United States ndi France. Monga chithunzi anthu ndi membala tsogolo la nyumba yamalamulo ankafuna kusamukira ku zawo dziko lawo bwino zinthu zimene American. Maziko a demokalase Tocqueville anaona miyambo ya Oyeretsa, amene adayima pa chiyambi cha madera a ku America. Ubwino waukulu wa anthu a ku America iye ankaona kufanana mwayi kwa anthu onse m'dziko.

Lingaliro la boma abwino

Kafukufuku anasiyanitsa French kunja kwambiri centralization siyana (kukhala othandiza nthaŵi otsiriza). Ndi kuthokoza kwa iye, ndinaganiza woganiza mu United States analibe mizinda yaikulu, limati, ndi umphawi kwambiri ndi chidwi. mwayi wofanana ankawachotsera mikangano chikhalidwe ndi kupewa zisinthe. Ine ndikudabwa zimene Tocqueville anasiyanitsa America osati France, komanso Russia, umene ankamuona ngati chitetezo cha autocracy zoopsa.

Federalism anali chizindikiro china cha boma abwino, ndinaganiza Alexis de A Tocqueville. "Democracy ku America" Komabe, osati kutamandidwa demokalase, komanso anatsindika kutisokoneza. Iwo Tocqueville anali mlembi mawu wotchuka "nkhanza ambiri." mawuwa wolemba anatsimikiza dongosolo limene lili misa mphamvu ingathe ntchito kapena kupatsa mphamvu zake kuti wolamulira wankhanza.

French nzeru zapamwamba anazindikira kuti chinsinsi ufulu wonse ndi ufulu wosankha ndipo lamulo lalikhulu ladziko chofunika mu malo oyamba kuchepetsa ndiponso ali boma. Iye analinso ndi mawu otsutsana. Choncho, Tocqueville ankakhulupirira kuti anthu palibe malo ofanana kuwina luso. "Democracy ku America" kuwerenga Alexander Pushkin. Russian ndakatulo anachita chidwi kwambiri ndi icho, pamene iye anati mu kalata yake Chaadaev.

Chiyambi cha ntchito zake zandale

Pambuyo buku la "Democracy ku America," Alexis de A Tocqueville anapita ku England, kumene m'buku lake makamaka otchuka. Wolemba kuyembekezera mwansangala ya kuŵerenga. Mu 1841, nzeru zapamwamba membala wa French Academy of Sciences. Iye analinso osankhidwa, ngakhale udindo wake House sanali amasiyana chilichonse chabwino.

Popanda kukhala osowa ngakhale mtsogoleri maganizo andale aphungu, Alexis de A Tocqueville pafupifupi sanapite olankhulira koma makamaka ntchito ku makomiti osiyanasiyana. Iye sanali wa ku chipani chilichonse cha ndale, ngakhale zambiri anavota ndi malo lamanzere phiko ndipo nthawi zambiri anatsutsa Nduna ndiwofatsa Fransua Gizo.

Alexis de A Tocqueville zonse anadzudzula boma malamulo ake, osati zofuna za zigawo zonse za anthu. Mu mawu ake osowa andale kunena za zikukhalira kusintha. Kwenikweni zinachitika mu 1848. Ngakhale Tocqueville anali wothandiza mafumu a malamulo, iye anazindikira mabwalo latsopano, kulingalira mu zochitika, njira yokha kusunga ufulu wa anthu.

Minister okhonda French

Pambuyo 1848 utasintha, Alexis de A Tocqueville anasankhidwa kukhala Assembly Constituent. Pali analowa bwino ndipo anayamba kulimbana ndi Socialists. Makamaka wamakani woganiza, kuteteza ufulu chuma. Kudana naye Socialists, Tocqueville adakhulupirira kungabweretse kulowererana pa ufulu wa nzika za dziko ndi patsogolo kwambiri ntchito m'boma. Oopa despotism, ndi mokomera kuchepetsa mphamvu pulezidenti kukhazikitsidwa kwa yamalamulo bicameral, ndi zina zotero. D. Palibe bwana izi sizinali akuyendera.

Mu 1849, Alexis de A Tocqueville, amene mbiri, monga ndale, ankasiyana waufupi anasankhidwa kukhala nduna zakunja boma la Odilon Barrot. Ntchito yaikulu ya zamtendere mutu dipatimenti anaona kukhalabe chikoka French nalo la Italy. Monga pa Apeninnskom chilumba inatha mu njira yaitali kulenga boma limodzi. Pa nkhani imeneyi, nkhondo kutangoyamba pakati pa Mpingo wa Katolika ndi boma la Italy latsopano.

Alexis de A Tocqueville, lingaliro lakuti yokonza ulamuliro wodziimira la Papa, akuyesera kuti apindule yosalala kukonza mkati mwa papa States. Pofuna kukwaniritsa zimenezi analephera, monga miyezi yochepa pambuyo chiyambi cha Mtumiki wa Affairs okhonda wa nduna lonse Barrault anatsanzika chifukwa cha kumuyalutsa wina andale wokhudza kalata pulezidentiyo Ney.

Kuchotsa zinthu zosangalatsa

December 2, 1851 ku France, panali kulanda boma lina. Pulezidenti Louis Napoleon kusungunuka nyumba yamalamulo ndipo analandira mphamvu pafupifupi monarchical. Patapita chaka chimodzi, mabwalo linathetsedwa, ndipo m'malo analengeza kukhazikitsidwa kwa Ufumu Wachiwiri. Alexis de A Tocqueville malipoti komanso mabuku amene chabe anachenjezedwa za kuopsa zoterozo zinthu zinasintha, anali msilikali wa iwowa anakana dongosolo latsopano la boma. Chifukwa chosamvera maulamuliro, iye anali m'ndende Vincennes m'ndende. Posachedwa Tocqueville anatulutsidwa koma potsiriza zofunkha ntchito ndale.

Wolemba ntchito amachititsa kuti nthawi nayamba kuphunzira zochitika m'mbiri ya ulimi lalikulu la cha m'ma XVIII. December 2 zokhumba anamukumbutsa za zokhumba 18 Brumaire zinachititsa kuti mphamvu kamodzi mtheradi anali Napoleon. Imeneyi, woganiza vinilu cholakwika andale, imene makuponi kusangalala ufulu wa ndale wa anthu kupeza ufulu wofanana, kuphatikizapo kusankha.

"The kuti okalamba ndi utasintha"

Patapita zaka zingapo ntchito mu 1856, Tocqueville anafalitsa buku loyamba la buku la "Old boma ndi utasintha", omwe anakhala pa mapeto a ntchito yake yachiwiri zofunika kwambiri (pambuyo "Democracy ku America"). Bukhu linali ndi zigwirizana magawo atatu, koma imfa ya wolemba anaima pa ntchito yake pa mphindi imodzi.

The chinthu chachikulu cha phunzirolo ndi ufulu Tocqueville a. Iye ankakhulupirira kupulumutsiramo ndi mfundo zolondola omwe sanali kulowelera mu chuma. Woganiza sanaone ufulu anthu popanda maphunziro ndiponso anthu kuphunzitsa. Popanda, mabungwe aliyense oyendetsera dziko sizikugwira ntchito, wolemba amakhulupirira. Iye bwino kwa owerenga mme- zotuluka pa mfundo imeneyi pa chitsanzo cha ulimi kwambiri France kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XVIII.

Alexis de A Tocqueville, wochenjera mawu ndi amene tsopano ntchito za utolankhani, utolankhani ndi mabuku ankaona maziko a ufulu ndi kufanana demokalase. Motero anthu ali wofunitsitsa kwachiwiri kuposa poyamba. Anthu ambiri taonera Tocqueville, ngakhale okonzeka kudzimana ufulu chifukwa cha ofanana. Ndi maganizo amenewa pali zinthu pokhazikitsa despotism. Kulingana mukhoza wodzipatula anthu kukhala odzikonda ndi particularism awo. Zonse izi taonera mu bukhu, Alexis de A Tocqueville.

Ntchito "The kuti okalamba ndi utasintha" kuphatikizanso tiganizira chilakolako onse phindu. Anazolowera kudya anthu kupereka boma maufumu atsopano yekha chifukwa cha izo anapitiriza mtendere, bata ndi moyo wabwinobwino. Choncho mphamvu ya boma aloŵa mozama anthu, kupanga munthu wochepa kudzikonda. Zikutanthauza kuti uwu ndi centralization utsogoleri, amene eradicates la boma.

Ululu wa misa

The mfundozo a "Old boma ndi kuukira boma," anayamba kupanga atayamba kale m'buku loyamba la wolemba ndi chiphunzitso cha demokalase. Alexis de A Tocqueville mwachidule koma momveka malingaliro amafotokozedwa ambiri amene anapanga maziko a sayansi yamakono ndale. Mu ntchito yatsopano wolemba anapitiriza kuphunzira chodabwitsa cha nkhanza ambiri. Kuyenera bwino kuti ngati boma lili ndi kumenyana nkhondo.

Nthawi yaitali wokhetsa magazi, pali choopsya zosayembekezereka wa mkulu, amene anaganiza dziko m'manja mwawo. Choncho, mwachitsanzo, zinali Napoleon. Mu anthu nkhondo wotopa kupereka wodandaulayu udindo wa mtsogoleri wa dziko ufulu wawo onse chosinthana lonjezo la bata ndi tsogolo la patsogolo konsekonse. Choncho mawu populist nthawizonse zakhala otchuka, ngakhale cholinga unfeasible ake.

Njira yokhayo kupewa despotism - ndi ufulu yokha. Kuti chimathandiza anthu, zofooketsa kudzikonda ndi kutenga zinthu zakuthupi. Mere oyendetsera dziko dongosolo demokalase sikokwanira. Boma abwino zikhazikitsidwe siyana waukulu mphamvu. Choncho, dziko lalikulu njira yabwino bungwe chitaganya. Chotero, Alexis de A Tocqueville. Mfundo za boma abwino, iye anadziŵa pamaziko cha zolakwa zakale zimene zinandilola kuphatikizapo mbadwa zake France, ndi m'mayiko ena ambiri padziko lonse.

Ubwino siyana

Only la boma akhoza kupulumutsa anthu ku tutelage malamulo ndi kuzipeza kuchita zawo maphunziro ndale. Boma abwino simungakhoze kuchita popanda makhoti kwathunthu palokha ndipo Mphamvu ya utsogoleli mu nkhani ya nkhanza. Bungweli ndi kupeza ufulu kukana malamulo kutsutsa Constitution ndi ufulu wa nzika.

Alexis de A Tocqueville, amene mofulumira omwazika zolemba mabuku a m'nthawi ndi ana, komanso anamenyera ufulu kucheza ndi atolankhani. Pa yomweyo chitsimikizo kuti boma zimene zingasokoneze iwo sali mabungwe ndiponso miyambo ndi makhalidwe a anthu. Ngati anthu ndidzapempha ufulu, amalimbikira. Pankhani ya kukana kwawo mfulu ufulu sikungakuthandizeni iwo palibe malamulo. Tisaiwale kuti lamulo limeneli lili kumapeto a kumbuyo. Mabungwe bwanji mapangidwe pang'onopang'ono makhalidwe ndi miyambo.

Kufunika zilandiridwenso Tocqueville

Kuyesera kuti muganize momwe kulemba m'buku ndi momwe lipoti, Alexis de A Tocqueville anafika njira lotsatira. Mu mankhwala a America, anafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane mmene nyanja wapangidwa demokalase zotheka ndi chakuti anapereka. Ntchito ya kafukufuku French lolunjika pa zifukwa kulephera kwa khama kukhazikitsa ndi kulimbikitsa ufulu wa anthu.

Dongosolo lakale, Alexis de A Tocqueville otchedwa dongosolo Zithunzi zimene zinkachitika mu dziko lake m'zaka XVIII pa confluence a kubadwa kwa anthu ang'onoang'ono ndi achifumu absolutism. Boma anapitiriza gulu la anthu mu makalasi, powona mmenemo chitsimikizo cha moyo wawo. Anthu anali demarcated mu strata, amene mamembala amakonda mosamala kupatukana ndi ku zigawo zina. Mlimi sizimawoneka ngati mzinda wokhalamo, ndi wamalonda pa mwinimunda njonda. Pang'onopang'ono democratization ndi kukula azachuma kutha izo. Kukwera anawononga kuti akale, kukhazikitsa watsopano - anamanga kufanana pakati pa anthu.

N'zochititsa chidwi ntchito wakhala anazindikira a m'nthawi Tocqueville woyamba buku ndale za zochitika pa mapeto a XVIII atumwi ku France. Pamaso pake, mbiri yakale lofalitsidwa maphunziro, kuteteza mbali ina ya nkhondo chosintha.

Ndendende chifukwa cha kusiyana ndi mankhwala a Alexis de A Tocqueville, ndipo ndithudi onse a mabuku ake achita kuzindikira za mibadwo, ndi osungidwa ndi kukumbukira zakale. Iye sanali kuyesera kulungamitsa zochita za monarchists ndi mbali ya Republic - iye ankafuna kuti adziwe choonadi, timakhulupirira. Tocqueville anamwalira pa April 16, 1859 mu Cannes. zopereka ake sayansi ndi anthu akhala ayesedwa Nsanja ya ntchito wathunthu, nthawi zambiri anatsutsana reprints zina.