Mapangidwe, Nkhani
Ndi "ofiira" ndi "woyera" ndani? Nkhondo Civil (1917-1922): Red Army ndi White
Kodi mawu akuti "zofiira" ndi "woyera"? The nkhondo yapachiweniweni lotchedwa "wobiriwira", "Cadets", "Socialist" ndi dongosolo zina. ndi kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa iwo ndi chiyani?
M'nkhaniyi, ife anayankha okha mafunso amenewa, komanso kuti adziwane bwino ndi mbiri mwachidule za kukhazikitsidwa kwa mphamvu Soviet mu dziko. Tiyeni tikambirane za chitsutso cha White Alonda ndi Red Army.
Chiyambi cha mawu akuti "zofiira" ndi "woyera"
Lero, mbiri ya Lathu kuchepa za unyamata. Malinga ndi kafukufuku, anthu ambiri alibe ngakhale lingaliro amene Lenin, kunena kanthu za nkhondo ya 1812 ...
Komabe, mawu amenewa ndi mawu akuti "zofiira" ndi "woyera", "Civil nkhondo" ndi "October utasintha" adamva wina. Koma anthu ambiri samadziwa zambiri, koma mawu ndi kuzimva.
Tiyeni tione mwatsatanetsatane pa mfundo iyi. Tiyenera tiyambe ndi choona pamene panali awiri otsutsanawa m'misasa - ndi "woyera" ndi "ofiira" mu Civil nkhondo. Kwenikweni, iyo inali chabe ndi maganizo Inde mabodza Soviet ndi kanthu kwambiri. Tsopano inu kulowa chithunzi ichi nokha.
Ngati ife titembenukira kwa mabuku ndi mabuku a Soviet Union, kumene anafotokoza kuti "woyera" - ndi azungu, olimbikitsa mfumu ndi adani a "ofiira" wa Bolsheviks.
Ngati zonse izo zinali. Koma kwenikweni, izi ndi mdani wina amene anamenya Soviet Union.
Dziko pambuyo zaka makumi asanu ndi awiri ankakhala atasemphana adani fictitious. Amenewa anali "woyera", zibakera, lidaonongeka capitalists kumadzulo. Nthawi zambiri chotero tanthauzo yosokoneza kwa mdani kuli maziko chakulalatira ndi mantha.
Kenako, tikambirana zimayambitsa wa Civil nkhondo. "White", malinga Bolshevik mfundo, anali monarchists. Koma apa pali nsomba, ndi monarchists mu nkhondo pafupifupi sanali. Iwo samati wina kulimbana ndi ulemu sikuti amadwala izi. Nicholas II antchito, ndi m'bale wake sanatenge korona. Choncho, apolisi mfumu onse opezeka kukhala opanda lumbiro.
Nanga anachita zimenezi "mtundu" kusiyana? Ngati Bolsheviks anali wakhaladi mbendera wofiira, kenako adani awo sanachitepo woyera. Yankho lagona mu mbiri ya m'zaka ndi theka chapitacho.
The French kuukira boma anapereka dziko magulu awiriwa otsutsa. asilikali Royal ankavala mbendera zoyera, chizindikiro cha achepetse French. adani awo pambuyo kulanda mphamvu anapachika nsalu wofiira mu holo tawuni monga chizindikiro cha kubwera kwa zenera karate. Masiku amenewo, phwando la anthu anabalalitsidwa ndi asilikali.
The Bolsheviks anatsutsa osati monarchists ndi mbali ya Assembly Constituent (democrat malamulo, ndi Cadets), n'ngopandukira (Makhnovists), "zelenoarmeytsy" (nkhondo ndi "ofiira", "woyera", ankhondowo) ndi omwe ankafuna nthambi mkati m'gawo lake mu mkhalidwe ufulu .
Choncho, mawu akuti "woyera" anali ntchito mochenjera ideologists kwa kudziwa mdani wodziwika. mumtengomo yake inali yakuti aliyense Red Army akhoza mwachidule kufotokoza chifukwa amamenya nkhondo, mosiyana ndi ena onse amene opandukawo anayambitsa. Kukopa anthu wamba ku Bolsheviks, ndipo wathandiza yotsirizira kuti tipambane Civil nkhondo.
prerequisites nkhondo
Tikamaphunzira maphunziro a Civil nkhondo, tebulo ndi Madongosolo anali katswiri wabwino zakuthupi. M'munsimu muli magawo a nkhondo, zimene zingakuthandizeni bwino kuyenda osati nkhani, koma nthawi iyi ya mbiri ya Lathu.
| masiteji | masiku | zochitika |
| 1 | February-March 1917 | Kupasula autocracy, ndi kugawanika kwa anthu. |
| 2 | March-October 1917 | Aggravation wa atasemphana anthu a. |
| 3 | October 1917-March 1918. | Kupha Provisional boma. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa mphamvu Soviet. Kufala kwa nkhondo. |
| 4 | March-June 1918 | Kuwonjezeka chiwawa ndi mantha. Mapangidwe ndi Red Army ndi White. |
| 5 | Chilimwe cha 1918, kumapeto kwa 1920. | Nkhondo asilikali zonse, kuphatikizapo anthu achilendo. The nkhondo ya chuma. |
| 6 | Mu 1921-1922. | Attenuation, kutanthauzira ndi mapeto a Civil nkhondo. |
Tsopano kuti ife munasankha amene "ofiira" ndi "woyera" Nkhondo Civil, yeniyeni, magawo ake, adzakhala bwino. Mukhoza chitani kuphunzira mwakuya iwo. Muyenera kuyamba ndi preconditions.
Choncho, chifukwa chachikulu cha zilakolako zimenezi, umene pambuyo pake unasanduka zaka zisanu nkhondo yapachiweniweni, anali atasunga zotsutsana ndi mavuto.
Poyamba, mbali ya Russian Ufumu nkhondo World anawononga chuma ndi chuma zatha mu dziko. Zambiri za anthu aamuna anali mu ankhondo, kuchepa anadza kwa ulimi ndi makampani a m'tawuni. Asilikali mwatopa nkhondo zolinga za wina pamene nyumba anali ndi njala banja.
Chifukwa chachiwiri chinali nkhani za ulimi ndi mafakitale. Panali anthu wamba ambiri ndi antchito, amene anali pa umphawi ndi mavuto. The Bolsheviks anatengerapo mwayi kuti chathunthu.
Kukapanga nawo nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse mu kulimbana kwa makalasi, ena masitepe apangidwa.
Pachiyambi panali yoweyula loyamba nationalization amakampani, mabanki ndi dziko. Lotsatira iwo unali anasaina Brest Pangano, amene anadziponya Russia mu phompho kuwonongeka kotheratu. Against maziko a chisokonezeko ambiri a Red Army ankachitika mantha ndi kusunga mphamvu.
Pofuna zokometsera khalidwe lawo iwo anamanga mfundo za nkhondo yolimbana ndi White alonda ndipo interventionists.
prehistory
Tiyeni tione chifukwa chake Civil nkhondo inayambika. Tebulo, zimene ife zawonetsanso, zikusonyeza magawo a mkangano. Koma ife tiyambira ndi zochitika zimene zinachitika kale Wamkulu October kuukira boma.
Wofooka nawo yoyamba ya padziko lonse, ufumu Russian ndi ikuchepa. Abdicates ku mpando wachifumu wa Nicholas II. Chofunika kwambiri, sikumawonekera m'malo. Mu zochitika izi amayambira pa nthawi yomweyo, awiri magulu atsopano - ndi Provisional boma ndi Soviet wa anyabasa 'akuluakulu.
Choyamba anayamba kuchita ndi mavuto ndiponso ndale, ndi Bolsheviks komanso lolunjika pa kuwonjezeka kukopa kwake asilikali. njira ameneyo anawatsogolera kenako ku mwayi wokhala yekha akulamulira mphamvu mu dziko.
Kuti chisokonezo boma anatsogolera chakuti amapanga "ofiira" ndi "woyera." The Civil nkhondo okha apotheosis kusiyana awo. Amene anali kuyembekezera.
Kukwera October
Ndipotu, tsoka kwa Civil nkhondo akuyamba ndi October kuukira boma. The Bolsheviks anali kupeza mphamvu ndi chidaliro anayamba kulamulira. Mu m'ma October 1917 mu Petrograd anayamba kupanga zinthu zisaipe kwambiri.
October 25, dzina lake Aleksandr Kerensky, mutu wa Provisional boma, kuchoka Petrograd kuti Pskov thandizo. Iyeyo amapenda zochitika mu chiwembu cha.
Mu Pskov akufunsa General Dukhonin asilikali kumuthandiza. Kerensky ngati ndi imayendetsedwa ndi Cossacks, koma mwadzidzidzi kunja kwa cadets zonse asilikali. Tsopano, Democrats amakana kuthandiza mutu oyendetsera dziko la boma.
Osati kupeza thandizo okwanira mu Pskov, Alexander F. amapita ku chilumba cha mzinda, kumene anakumana ndi General Krasnov. Pa nthawi yomweyo mu St. Petersburg akubwera asilikali ake a Zima Palace. Mu mbiri Soviet, chochitika limaoneka ngati makiyi. Koma kwenikweni kunalibe kukana ya akuluakulu.
Pambuyo kuwombera kanthu kwa cruiser ndi "Aurora" amalinyero, asilikali ndi antchito anabwera kunyumba n'kumanga aliyense pano pali ziwalo za Provisional boma. Komanso, iye anali Congress Wachiwiri Soviet Union, lomwe Analeredwa ndi chiwerengero cha zachitikadi ofunika zimafika chilango kutsogolo.
Poona zimene zinachitika zokhumba Krasnov anaganiza kuthandiza Aleksandru Kerenskomu. October 26 motsogozedwa Petrograd amapita kavalo detachment anthu mazana asanu ndi awiri. Iwo anali ankaganiza kuti mumzinda iwo adzakhala kugalukira Junkers. Koma anali kuletsedwa ndi Bolsheviks.
Imeneyi, zinadziwika kuti Provisional boma chitatha. Kerensky anathawa General Krasnov bargained Bolsheviks ulere kubwerera kwa kumuwombera mu Island.
Pakali pano, boma Social kuyamba nkhondo kwakukulu polimbana ndi Bolsheviks, amene maganizo awo, muli mphamvu zambiri. Anayankha kupha atsogoleri ena "ofiira" anakhala kuwopsa kwa Bolsheviks, ndi chiyambi cha Civil Nkhondo (1917-1922). Tsopano tiyeni tione zinthu wotsatira.
Kukhazikitsidwa kwa mphamvu "ofiira"
Monga tidanena pamwamba, tsoka kwa Civil nkhondo anali atayamba kale pa October kuukira boma. Anthu wamba, asilikali, ogwira ntchito ndi anthu wamba anali osakhutira ndi ziriri pano. Ngati zigawo chapakati mayunitsi ambiri paramilitary anali kuyang'aniridwa wapamtima limaitana, mu detachment kum'mawa kunalamulidwa ndi maganizo osiyana kwambiri.
Pamaso pa ambiri a asilikali malo ndi kusafuna kwawo kupita ku nkhondo ndi Germany anathandiza Bolsheviks mwamsanga ndipo popanda kukhetsa magazi kuti mudzapeze chithandizo pafupifupi kulandilidwa ndi mphambu ziwili za asilikali. Mizinda 15 Only lalikulu anakaniza "ofiira" mphamvu, 84 monga pa chongoganiza payekha wadutsa mu manja awo.
An anadabwa zosayembekezeka ndi Bolsheviks mu mawonekedwe a anatithandiza kwambiri ku chisokonezo ndi kulema msilikali anatchedwa "ofiira" ndi "chionetsero cha kupambana kwa Soviet Union."
Nkhondo Civil (1917-1922) ali yekha anakula pambuyo kusaina wopweteka kwa Russia Brest mtendere. Mu pangano, ufumu wakale anataya oposa miliyoni makilomita lalikulu m'gawo. Izi zinaphatikizapo: ndi Baltic States, Belarus, Ukraine, ndi Caucasus, Romania, ndi Don gawo. Komanso, iwo anayenera kupereka sikisi biliyoni German zizindikiro indemnity.
chisankho unachititsa zionetsero mkati dziko ndi pa mbali ya Entente. Pamodzi ndi kulimbitsa pankhondo zosiyanasiyana m'dera akuyamba alowererepo asilikali a mayiko Western pa dera la Russia.
Kuyamba asilikali Entente adatsitsimutsa kupanduka wa Czechoslovak Legio mu Siberia ndi Kuban Cossacks kupanduka motsogozedwa General Krasnov. Wosweka mphamvu azungu ndi interventionists ena anapita ku Central Asia, ndi zambiri zaka zambiri anapitiriza kulimbana ndi mphamvu Soviet.
The nthawi yachiwiri ya Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni
Ndi pa siteji iyi, yogwira ambiri anali White Alonda Zimphona wa Civil nkhondo. History wateteza ife mayina monga Kolchak, Yudenich, Denikin, Yuzefovich, Miller ndi ena.
Aliyense wa asilikali awa amayenera masomphenya ake a m'tsogolo boma. Ena ayesa kugwirizana ndi asilikali Entente kugonjetsa Bolshevik boma koma kuti lachiweruzo ndi Assembly Constituent. Ena ankafuna kukhala warlords m'deralo. Zikuphatikizapo monga Makhno, Grigoriev, ndi ena.
Kuvuta kwa nyengo imeneyi kuti kamodzi anamaliza First World nkhondo, asilikali a ku Germany anali kuchoka m'dera la Russia pokhapokha kubwera kwa adani. Koma pangano mwamseri yatsala kudutsa mzinda Bolsheviks.
Pamene mbiri ikusonyeza ife, Civil nkhondo zinali pambuyo zinthu zinasintha m'gulu gawo lapadera la chiwawa ndiponso kuphana. Kulephera kwa asilikali, lolunjika pa maboma Western, kukula chifukwa chakuti iwo analibe alonda oyenerera. Choncho, Miller asilikali Yudenich ndi ena formations zina zinagwa kokha chifukwa kuchepa kwa atsogoleri m'ma mlingo wa otaya waukulu wa asilikali anabwera kwa akaidi Red Army.
Umboni mu nyuzipepala nthawi imeneyi amakhala ndi m'manyuzipepala ngati zimenezi: ". Asilikali zikwi ziwiri kuchokera mfuti zitatu ndinapita ku Red Army"
Chomaliza
Yambani mbiri yakale amakonda kucheza ndi nkhondo Chipolishi nthawi yomalizira ya nkhondo ya 1917-1922. Ndi anansi kumadzulo Pilsudski ankafuna kuti akonze chitaganya ndi gawo ku Baltic pa Nyanja Black. Koma mtima wake kuti chidzakwaniritsidwa. Army Civil nkhondo pansi pa utsogoleri wa Yegorov ndi Tukhachevsky kumenyana patsogolo kwambiri ku Western Ukraine nadza ku malire Polish.
Kugonjetsa mdani ameneyu anali kuukitsa kulimbana ogwira ntchito ku Europe. Koma zolinga zonse za atsogoleri a Red Army analephera pambuyo kugonjetsedwa ochuluka kunkhondo, zomwe zinasungidwa pansi pa dzina la "Chozizwitsa pa Vistula".
Pambuyo mapeto a mtendere pangano mikangano amayamba pakati pa boma la Soviet Union ndi Poland mu msasa wa Entente. Chifukwa, utachepa ndalama kwa "woyera" kayendedwe, ndi nkhondo Civil mu Russia wayamba kupita pansi.
Mu 1920s oyambirira, kusintha mu mfundo yachilendo ya mayiko Western anatsogolera chakuti Soviet Union anazindikira ambiri a mayiko.
Zimphona wa Civil nkhondo, nthawi yomaliza, kumenyana Wrangel ku Ukraine, ankhondowo mu Caucasus ndi ku Central Asia, Siberia. Mwa atsogoleri otchuka kwambiri tisaiwale Tukhachevsky, Blucher, Frunze ndi ena.
Choncho, chifukwa cha zaka zisanu nkhondo wamagazi mu Russian Ufumu anapanga boma latsopano. Kenako, wakhala mayiko amphamvu yachiwiri yekha odana amene anali United States.
Zifukwa chigonjetso
Tiyeni kumvetsa chifukwa anagonjetsa "woyera" mu Civil nkhondo. Tikayerekeza amayesa misasa otsutsana ndi kuyesa zija wamba.
azambiriyakale Soviet chifukwa chachikulu kupambana kwake anawona kuti anapereka chithandizo misa zigawo oponderezedwa a anthu. motsindika makamaka anaikidwa pa anthu amene avutika chifukwa cha 1905 zisinthe. Chifukwa iwo mosapita m'mbali zambali ndi Bolsheviks.
"White" M'malo mwake, anadandaula za kusowa kwa anthu ogwira ntchito ndiponso chuma. M'magawo mukukhala ndi anthu miliyoni, iwo sakanakhoza amathera ngakhale osachepera kusonkhanitsa, kuti agwirizane mmaudindo.
Chochititsa chidwi ziwerengero amene anapereka Civil nkhondo. "Red", "woyera" (onani gome pansipa) makamaka anadwala desertions. zinthu mumamva amoyo, ndi kusowa kwa zolinga achita anamvera. deta ikukhudzana okha mphamvu Bolshevik, monga manambala osiyana White Alonda Records osachisunga.
| mwezi | Chiwerengero cha anthu |
| February | Zoposa 26 sauzande. |
| March | Zoposa 54 sauzande. |
| mulole | Zoposa 78 sauzande. |
| June | Zoposa 146 zikwi. |
| July | Zoposa 270 zikwi. |
| August | Zoposa 299 000. |
Mfundo yaikulu, yomwe ikusonyezedwa ndi olemba mbiri amakono, anali dera ndale za kusagwirizanako.
Alonda White, choyamba, analibe lamulo centralized ndi mgwirizano kochepa pakati pa mbali. Iwo anamenya kwanuko, aliyense zofuna zake zokha. Mbali wachiwiri anali kusowa cadres ndale ndi pulogalamu bwino. mphindi izi nthawi zambiri akuyang'anira alonda, amene akanakhoza kokha nkhondo, koma makhalidwe zamtendere.
The Red Army analenganso wamphamvu maganizo maukonde. bwino dongosolo lingaliro anali otukuka, amene drummed ku mitu ya ogwira ntchito ndi asilikali. Mawu kuloledwa ngakhale kumvetsa osawuka kwambiri oponderezedwa, imene akumenyana.
Iwo lamuloli walola Bolsheviks kuti thandizo pazipita anthu.
zotsatira
Chigonjetso mwa "ofiira" mu Civil nkhondo boma kwambiri. Iwo anali kotheratu ndi chuma. Dziko anataya gawo ndi anthu opitirira mamiliyoni 135.
Agriculture ndi mbewu zokolola, zakudya utachepa peresenti 40-50. Requisitioning ndi "red-woyera" mantha m'madera osiyana zinachititsa kuti imfa ya nambala yaikulu anthu ndi njala, kumuzunza ndi kuphedwa.
Makampani, malinga ndi akatswiri, ali anazembera ku mlingo wa Russian Ufumu mu ulamuliro wa Peter Wamkulu. Monga ofufuza amanena, kupanga chithunzi anali atagonjetsedwa 20 peresenti mu 1913, ndipo m'madera ena, ndipo peresenti 4.
Motero, panali outflow chachikulu antchito kuchokera m'mizinda ku midzi. Popeza panali ena chiyembekezo osati kufa chifukwa cha njala.
"White" mu Civil nkhondo anasonyeza chilakolako cha otchuka ndi chiwerengero apamwamba akhazikitse wakale wa moyo. Koma kudzipatula kwawo kwa maganizo enieni ofala mwa anthu wamba, kwachititsa kuti kugonjetsedwa okwana dongosolo akale.
Zimaonekera chikhalidwe
Atsogoleri a Civil nkhondo anali moyo imeneyi mu zikwi ntchito osiyana - kuchokera mafilimu a kanema kuti zojambula, ku nkhani ziboliboli ndi nyimbo.
Mwachitsanzo, chuma monga "Masiku a turbines", "Kuthamanga", "ziyenda Mavuto" anthu kumizidwa mu mlengalenga yomangika ya nkhondo.
Mufilimuyi "Chapaev", "Red Ziwanda" "Ife ndife ochokera Kronstadt 'akusonyeza khama ndi" ofiira "mu Civil nkhondo ya chigonjetso cha maloto ake.
chilengedwe zolembalemba Babele, Bulgakov, Gaidar, Pasternak, Ostrovsky chikusonyeza moyo wa oimira Boma osiyana a anthu mu masiku ovutawo.
Mungapereke zitsanzo pafupifupi kalekale, chifukwa tsoka chikhalidwe, zomwe zinachititsa kuti Civil nkhondo, anapeza Echo mphamvu mu mitima ya mazana aluso.
Choncho, lero ife tipeza osati chiyambi cha malingaliro a "woyera" ndi "ofiira", komanso anakumana mwachidule ndi zochita za zochitika Civil nkhondo.
Kumbukirani kuti mavuto nayo mbewu ya kusintha tsogolo la bwino.
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