Russia m'zaka za m'ma 16: chitukuko mfundo

m'ma 16 mu Russia - mapangidwe a centralized boma Russian. Zinali nthawi imeneyi ndi kugonjetsa ang'onoang'ono kugawikana - ndondomeko amakhala ndi chitukuko chilengedwe cha feudalism. Cities kukula, kuchuluka kwa anthu, kukhala malonda ndi ubwenzi kunja. Kusintha chikhalidwe umoyo ndi zachuma kuyambitsa kwayandikirako yokumba tima osauka ndi ukapolo anayamba.

Mbiri ya Russia 16-17 m'ma si kophweka - ndi nthawi mapangidwe statehood, mapangidwe zapansi. The zochitika wamagazi a nkhondo, kuyesera kuti adziteteze ku kumatikumbutsabe wa Golden gulu ndi nthawi wotsatira chofunika Mavuto mwamphamvu dzanja la mgwirizano boma la anthu.

Mapangidwe boma centralized

ANAKULIRA kugwirizana kwa Russia ndi kuthetsa kusagwirizana ang'onoang'ono anatuluka m'zaka 13. Izi makamaka noticeable mu Vladimir ukulu ili kumpoto, kum'mawa. chitukuko unasokonezedwa ndi nkhondo ya Chitata Mongol, lomwe osati chimasokoneza ndondomeko ya yogwirizanitsa, komanso zingawonongeka kwambiri kwa anthu Russian. Chitsitsimutso linayamba m'zaka 14:. Ayambe ulimi, kumanga mizinda, kukhazikitsidwa musiyane zachuma. kulemera koposa wabweza Muscovy ndi Moscow, amene gawo ikukula pang'onopang'ono. Kukula kwa Russia m'zaka za m'ma 16 anatsatira njira ya kulimbikitsa zotsutsana kalasi. Kuti agonjetse anthu wamba, mafumu ang'onoang'ono anali ndi ntchito imodzi, ntchito njira yatsopano ubale ndale, kulimbitsa ofesi chapakati.

Chinthu chachiwiri chimene chinathandiza kugwirizana kwa maukulu ndi centralization mphamvu - ndi ovutikawo mfundo yachilendo. Kudzamenyana m'derali ndi Golden gulu kunali koyenera kugwirizanitsa onse. Mwa njira iyi Russian akhoza kuwina munda Kulikovo ndipo m'zaka 15 mochedwa. kwathunthu bwererani ku Chitata Mongol goli, umene unatha zaka zoposa mazana awiri.

The ndondomeko ya mapangidwe boma limodzi anasonyeza makamaka mgwirizano m'madera amene kale limati osiyana mu umodzi Muscovy chachikulu ndiponso kusintha kwa gulu la ndale la anthu, chikhalidwe cha statehood. Kuyambira mfundo Hrs maganizo, ndondomeko anamaliza ndi chiyambi cha m'ma 16. Koma zida ndale atangotha mu theka lachiwiri.

Vasily III

Tikhoza kunena kuti zaka 16 mu mbiri ya Russia anayamba ndi ulamuliro wa Vasily III, amene anakwera mpando 1505 pa msinkhu wa zaka 26. Iye anali mwana wachiwiri wa Ivan III Wamkulu. Mfumu wa onse Russia wakhala m'banja kawiri. Kwa nthawi yoyamba pa nthumwi ya zaka banja boyar Solomonii Saburovoy (m'munsimu muli chithunzi - nkhope kukhazikitsanso chigaza cha). Ukwatiwo unachitika pa 09.04.1505 anali, koma pa banja zaka 20, iye anali atabereka wolowa nyumba. Nkhawa Prince adamfunsa banja. Mwamsanga analandira chilolezo cha mpingo ndi Boyar Duma. Nkhani zofanana anatsatira boma kusudzula akazi Buku ansembe ndi kuposa kale a Russia.

The mkazi wachiwiri wa mfumu anali Elena Glinskaya zochokera ku banja akale Chilituyaniya. Mkaziyo anamuberekera ana awiri. Amasiye mu 1533, iye kwenikweni zinasinthiratu bwalo, Russia m'zaka za m'ma 16 koyamba analandira regent Komabe, si makamaka wotchuka ndi boyars ndi anthu.

Lina ndi zoweta Politika Vasiliya III wa, Ndipotu, kupitiriza achilengedwe a zochita za bambo ake, omwe anali kwathunthu lolunjika pa centralization mphamvu ndi kulimbikitsa ulamuliro wa mpingo.

mfundo zoweta

Vasily III kulimbikitsa mphamvu zopanda malire a mwayekha lapansi. Nkhondo yolimbana ndi kugawikana ang'onoang'ono a Lazaro ndi mbali yake mwachangu anasangalala thandizo la mpingo. Kuyambira anthu oipa, mosavuta disposes kutumiza ku ukapolo kapena kupereka chilango. Kwathunthu akuwonetseredwa wopondereza chikhalidwe, noticeable ngakhale unyamata wake. Mu ulamuliro wake, tanthauzo la boyars mu khoti mathithi kwambiri, koma anthu otchuka a ukuwonjezeka m'dziko. Pamene akuyendera, iye anasankha Josephites mfundo mpingo.

Mu 1497 Vasily III anatengera latsopano Code wa Mtemo mogwirizana ndi choonadi Russian, Constitutional ndi Judicial hayala, zigamulo pa magulu ena a mafunso. Zinali malamulo, ndipo analengedwa dongosolo ndi streamline alipo pa nthawi ya chilamulo ndi chinthu chofunika cha centralization mphamvu. Mfumu amachirikiza yomanga, mu zaka za ulamuliro wake zinamangidwa Angelo Cathedral, Mpingo wa Ascension mu Kolomna midzi latsopano, nyumba forts. Komanso akugwira komanso bambo ake, anapita 'kusonkhanitsa "mayiko Russian, annexing mabwalo Pskov, Ryazan.

Kugwirizana ndi Kazan Khanate pansi Basil III

Russia ndi mfundo yachilendo m'zaka za m'ma 16, ndipo zambiri ndendende, mu zoyambirira akhala chinyezimiro cha mkati. Mfumu anayesera kuphatikiza monga mmene dziko zotheka, kugonjetsera kwa boma kuti zoona, kuonedwa monga anagonjetsa madera atsopano. Popeza anachitira gulu Golden, Russia pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo anapita tiponye Khanate, anapanga chifukwa cha kugwa kwake. Turkey ndi Krymskoe Hanstvo chidwi Kazan, Russia zikhoza kuti kufunika chifukwa chonde m'dziko ndi njira malo abwino, koma chifukwa cha mantha kuti nthawi ya anawazunza. Poyembekezera imfa ya Ivan III mu 1505 Kazan Khan mwadzidzidzi anayamba nkhondo imene inatenga mpaka 1507 pambuyo zomvetsa angapo Russian anakakamizika abwerere, ndipo kenako mtendere. History mobwerezabwereza yokha mu 1522-1523 biennium., Ndiyeno mu 1530-1531 gg. Kazan Khanate sanafooke mpaka wachifumu wa Ivan Grozny sanabwere.

Chirasha Chilituyaniya Nkhondo

Chifukwa chachikulu cha nkhondo asilikali - chilakolako cha Moscow kalonga kugonjetsa ndi kulamulira dziko lonse Russian, komanso ulendo wa Lithuania kubwezera kwa kugonjetsedwa mu zaka 1500-1503 zapitazi, chomwe mtengo wake imfa ya mbali 1-3 madera onse .. Russia m'zaka za m'ma 16, pambuyo pa kudza kwa ulamuliro Basil III, panali mu m'malo zovuta mfundo yachilendo. Mavuto kugonjetsedwa pa Kazan Khanate, iye anakakamizika kuti amenyane ndi Duchy la Lithuania, walemba mgwirizano ndi odana ndi Russian Crimea khan.

nkhondo inayamba chifukwa cha kulephera kukwaniritsa musankhepo wa Basil III (kubwerera kwa dziko) m'chilimwe cha 1507 pambuyo kuukira pa Bryansk ndi Chernigov dziko Chilituyaniya asilikali ndi Upper Oka maukulu - Crimea Chitata. Mu 1508 olamulira ayamba zokambirana ndipo zinasaina pangano pa mtendere umene ukulu Chilituyaniya anabwezedwa Lyublich zimene akuona.

Nkhondo ya zaka 1512-1522. Iwo wakhala zomveka ikupitiriza nkhondo yapita pa gawo. Ngakhale mtendere anamaliza pakati pa zipani anali yomangika kwambiri, anapitiriza looting, kusiyana pa malire. Chifukwa kanthu anali imfa ya Grand Duchess la Lithuania ndi mlongo wa Basil III a Helena. Grand Duchy la Lithuania anasaina mgwirizano ndi Crimea Khanate mgwirizano wina, kenako ndi kuyamba mochedwa kuchita anawazunza ambiri mu 1512 Russian Prince Sigismund Ine kulengeza nkhondo ndi kuika patsogolo magulu awo waukulu Smolensk. SB zaka wotsatira, ndi amawasonyeza mosiyanasiyana wa kupambana anali angapo kuyenda ulendo. Mmodzi wa nkhondo lalikulu zinachitika pafupi Orsha September 8, 1514 mu 1521, mbali zonse ndi nkhani zina mfundo yachilendo, ndipo iwo anali kukakamizidwa kuti mtendere kwa zaka 5. Malinga ndi pangano lawo, Russia m'zaka za m'ma 16 analandira Smolensk dziko, koma anakana Vitebsk, Polotsk ndi Kiev, komanso kubwerera kwa akaidi a nkhondo.

Ivan IV (zoopsa)

Vasily III anamwalira ndi matenda, pamene mwana wake woyamba anali ndi zaka 3 yekha. Pakuwoneratu imfa yake imene inali itayandikira ndi kulimbana kwake wotsatira mpando wachifumuwo (pa nthawi mfumu anali ndi abale awiri wamng'ono Andrew ndi Yuri Staritskogo Dmitrov), iye anapanga "sedmochislennuyu" ntchito boyars lapansi. Kuti iwo anali kupulumutsa Ivan pamaso pa chikumbutso 15. Ndipotu, gulu la matrasti wakhala mphamvu kwa chaka chimodzi, kenako anayamba kugwa. Russia m'nthawi ya 16 (1545) analandira wolamulira zonse ndi mfumu ya woyamba mu mbiri yake, mu umunthu wa Ivan IV, odziwika padziko lonse pansi pa dzina la Ivan kwambiri. Mu chithunzi pamwambapa - fano kukhazikitsanso mawonekedwe a Chigaza lapansi.

Sikutheka osanenapo banja lake. Azambiriyakale zimasiyanasiyana manambala, anazitcha mayina akazi 6 kapena 7, amene ankatengedwa akazi a mfumu. Ena anafa imfa mwachinsinsi, ena zinatumizidwa kwa amonke. Ivan Grozny ana atatu. Senior (Ivan ndi Fedor) anabadwa mwa mkazi wake woyamba, ndipo wamng'ono (Dmitriy Uglitsky) ku otsiriza - M.F.Nagoy, amene anachita mbali yaikulu mu mbiri ya dziko pa nthawi ya mavuto.

Kusintha Ivana Groznogo

Lamulo mkati mwa Russia m'zaka za m'ma 16 pa ulamuliro wa Ivan m'khutu anali akadali lolunjika pa centralization mphamvu, komanso kumanga mabungwe zofunika anthu. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, molumikizana ndi "Anasankha Rada" Mfumu, mndandanda wa kusintha. The kwambiri ndi zotsatirazi.

• Gulu la Zemsky Sobor mu 1549 pamene mabungwe apamwamba Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira-womuimira. Mmenemo anali kuperekedwa magulu onse kupatula wamba lapansi.
• Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Sudebnik latsopano mu 1550, anapitiriza malamulo a mchitidwe yapita malamulo, ndipo kwa nthawi yoyamba mtchatho chimodzimodzi kwa onse wagawo msonkho wa muyeso.
• Atadzipaka mmilomo ndi kusintha dziko mu 50s m'zaka zoyambirira za m'ma 16.
• Mapangidwe malamulo dongosolo mu T. H. opempha, Streletskii tinkawasindikiza ndi zina zotero. D.

mfundo yachilendo Russia a nthawi ya ulamuliro Ivana Groznogo anayamba kupanga mbali zitatu: kum'mwera - polimbana Crimea Khanate, kum'mawa - kukula kwa malire boma ndi kumadzulo - kulimbana kupeza Nyanja Baltic.

kummawa

Utatha wa Golden gulu, ndi mantha kuti nthawi m'mayiko Russian analenga Astrakhan ndi Kazan Khanate mu manja awo ankafunitsitsa Volga malonda njira. Total I. Grozny zothandiza atatu adzatsutsana Kazan, chifukwa cha otsiriza, izo anatengedwa ndi chimvula (1552). Astrakhan panaoneka zaka 4 kenako mu 1557 mwaufulu kwa boma Russian anagwirizana kwambiri Bashkortostan ndi Chuvashia, kenako ubwenzi wawo anazindikira Nogai gulu. Choncho mapeto a mbiri wamagazi. Russia m'zaka 16 mochedwa anatsegula njira yake Siberia. industrialists olemera amene akalata kwa mfumu kukhala malo r.Tobol pa mtengo outfitted kumuwombera ufulu Cossacks wake, lotsogoledwa ndi Ermak anali.

kumadzulo

Pofuna mwayi wolankhula ndi nyanja ya Baltic kwa zaka 25 zapitazi (1558-1583.) Ivan IV anatsogolera wowawa Livonia nkhondo. chiyambi chake anali limodzi ndi bwino kwa ndawala Russian, izo anatengedwa ndi mizinda 20, kuphatikizapo Narva ndi Dorpat asilikali akuyandikira kwa Tallinn ndi Riga. The Livonia Order anagonjetsedwa, koma nkhondo yakhala chikhalidwe protracted, monga ankagwira m'mayiko osiyanasiyana ku Ulaya. zofunika kwambiri nyimbo ndi mgwirizano wa Lithuania ndi Poland mu Chipolishi Chilituyaniya Commonwealth. Zilinso kunasintha zosiyana, ndipo patapita standoff yaitali mu 1582 armistice ndi anali anamaliza kwa zaka 10. Patapita chaka yosainidwa pangano la plussa umene Russia anataya Livonia, koma anabwerera mizinda yonse analanda kupatula Polotsk.

Kum'mwera

Kum'mwera, komabe ankabwerera anapanga pambuyo kugwa kwa Golden gulu, Krymskoe Hanstvo. Ntchito yaikulu ya boma umenewu anali kulimbitsa kumalire kwa zankhanza a Crimea Chitata. Chifukwa chaichi, kanthu pa chitukuko cha m'munda Wild apangidwa. Iwo anayamba kuoneka woyamba chitetezo mzere, mwachitsanzo. E. Kusindikiza mzere wa zinyalala matabwa, pakati limene ataima harpoons matabwa (mphamvu) makamaka ndi Tula Belgorodskaia.

Fyodor I mfumu

Ivan Grozny anafa March 18, 1584. mavuto a matenda wachifumu amatchedwa mu kukaikira ndi azambiriyakale lero. Iye anali mwana wake Fyodor Ivanovich, izo pakali pambuyo pa imfa ya mwana wake wamkulu Ivan. Mawu a Ivan m'khutu, iye anali zambiri za kudzipatula, ndipo kusala kudya, abwino kwambiri kwa utumiki mpingo kuposa kulamulira. Azambiriyakale ambiri amakonda kukhulupirira kuti iye anali ndi thanzi ndi maganizo osauka. Mu BOMA, mfumu yatsopano sikunali kokwanira. Iye anali pansi pa tutelage wa boyars ndi olemekezeka poyamba, ndiyeno m'bale wake wofuna Boris Godunov. Ulamuliro woyamba, ndipo chachiwiri - anathamanga, ndipo aliyense ankadziwa izo. Fyodor ine ndinafa January 7, 1598, wosasiya mbeu, ndipo linasokonekera pa Moscow Rurik mafumu.

Russia kumayambiriro kwa zaka 16-17, anakumana kwambiri komanso umoyo ndi zachuma ndale mavuto, amene anathandiza kuti kukula kwa nthaŵi yaitali motero Livonia nkhondo oprichnina ndi Chitata kuwukira. Mfundo zonsezi zinapangitsa kuti nthawi ya mavuto, kuyambira ndi nkhondo ufumu kanthu.