Black Mazana - pulogalamu ya Black Mazana ...

Anthu amene anaphunzira ku sukulu Soviet, iwo ankadziwa bwino kuti Black Mazana - ichi bigots ndi Zankhanza. Mosakayikira mphambu uyu sanali chilakolako pa ngodya ena kuyang'ana anthu amene anakonza zachiwawa wamagazi m'mizinda ya Russia, makamaka Moscow ndi Odessa.

Black Mazana maganizo ndi moyo lero. Pa stratum ena alionse pali chidwi kwa iwo. nthawi yathu ndi chidwi mu funso lililonse angapezeke, anapatsidwa mfundo osiyana maganizo, ndi kuyesera kuti maganizo anu za gulu limeneli.

otchuka azimvetsa Black Mazana

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti ayanjane ndi pulogalamu ya Black mazana, ngati chifukwa mkazi ndi mwana wamkazi F. M. Dostoevskogo, amene analankhula za ndikosatheka zabwino, ozikidwa osachepera dontho la anakhetsa mwazi wa mwana yake, panali chernosotenkami. Ife ankawachitira Archpriest Ioann Kronshtadsky ndi wojambula Victor Vasnetsov. Mendeleev, Michurin, mkulu wa cruiser "Varyag" Rudnev - mazana Black, osanenapo ziwerengero 500 Mpingo wa Orthodox, ankanena kuti "Ofera Latsopano la Russia." Mmodzi mwa iwo anali tsogolo mabishopu, Tikhon, Metropolitan Bellavin.

mizu wathanzi

Kotero, kunali lingaliro abwino mu pulogalamu gulu limeneli? Ndipo kodi dzina lake ndi kuti pa nthawi mthunzi kotero mantha? Wolemba mbiri Vladimir Mohnach limanena kuti poyamba "Black Mazana - nthumwi izi demokalase a m'deralo mzinda."

N'chifukwa chiyani tikutero? Chifukwa mazana tsarist Russia ankatchedwa kugawanika mkati mwa mzinda. Panali anthu ambirimbiri woyera, kuphatikizapo strata apamwamba a anthu sapereka msonkho kwa boma, ndi wakuda - kavalidwe. Oimira wa demokalase m'tawuni (amalonda, osema) ndi magulu inakhazikitsidwa Kuzma Minin, anachotsedwa boma la Russia ndi Zitsulo chinathandiza Unatha mu Russia Time wa Mavuto.

Mmodzi wa ideologists ndi

A reactionary kwambiri azimuth 1900-1917 dzina ku VA Gringmut, mmodzi wa ideologists waukulu Black Chikwi kuyenda. Iye anali ngati nthumwi wanzeru wa mbiri kuti sanali mtsogoleri wandale wa kudzanja phiko mtima, koma monga wofunkha ndi obscurantist (obscurantist, osagwirizana sayansi, patsogolo ndi maphunziro), amene anali nawo ndi boma tsarist mu 1906 ku khoti.

Malinga Gringmut Black Mazana - ichi odzipereka omenyana kwa kuteteza wa inviolability wa autocracy Komabe, pa maziko a lalikulu-mphamvu chauvinism, odana Semitism makamaka akayaka.

Mmodzi wa ziwerengero kayendedwe chi

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma ndi reactionary kwambiri kayendedwe anali ochita unadziwika ngati "Black mazana mantha 1905-1907." Pa nthawi imeneyi anali odzipereka kupha M. Ya. Gertsenshteyna ndi G. B. Iollosa (chapakati Komiti ya Cadet Party) ndi sadayeserepo zochepa resonant kuti P. N. Milyukova ndi wakale nduna yaikulu Witte, amene ena a gululi (a Gringmut yomweyo) zinaperekedwa ngati mmodzi wa adani waukulu. . S. Yu Vitte ankakhulupiriranso kuti Black Mazana - izi ndi zoona, akuluakulu a mabungwe dziko lawo, malingaliro omwe si zochokera chifukwa ndi anthu otchuka, ndi zokonda ndi kuti iwo mophweka analibe mwayi atsogoleri a mwa iwo anali rascals ambiri ndi anthu malingaliro zauve ndi maganizo. Kalembedwe limeneli, iye analankhula za pogrom opanga amene anakonzekeletsa atapha anthu. mabanja onse Ayuda zatha pansi pa chiphiphiritso "Kumenya Ayuda ndi kusunga Russia!". Koma mtumiki wakale yaikulu, kunena za dziko lawo la Black Mazana, mwachionekere kunena za ganizo la kuyambira kayendedwe, ozikidwa pa mawu akuti Slavophiles Russian ndife Akristu ndi yake, wosiyana njira kumadzulo chitukuko.

kudalira kayendedwe

Momwemonso amene iwo? Omwazikana reactionary mabungwe kutali-bwino mu Russia zaka 1906-1917 - ichi ndi Black mazanamazana. Iwo akhala akuchita, mwamwayi, kugwirizanitsa mu mphamvu limodzi kuti kodi aluso kuchulukana. Pamaso pa Kubwera kwa dzina wamba zipani anthuwo anayamba kutchedwa "dziko lawo", "moona Russian", "monarchists".

Kugwirizanitsa yaikulu ya Black Mazana anali "Union of Anthu Russian (mutu - AI Dubrovin)," Russian Monarchist Party "(adayambitsa - VA Gringmut). M'modzi wa omwe adayambitsa wa zachipembedzo-ndiwofatsa bungwe "Union Mihaila Arhangela" amakhala VM Purishkevich. M'pofunika amatchula kuti ntchito ya anthuwo ndipo nthawi zambiri chikumenyana Black Mazana lotsogozedwa ndi ndalama ndi "Bungwe la United otchuka", olengedwa mwa May 1906 ndi thandizo chonse boma tsarist. Iwo ayenera kukumbukira kuti apolisi ya Russian Ufumu ankaona Black Chikwi squads monga gulu limodzi mu ntchito yake amadalira kwathunthu pa iwo. Pamodzi ndi "Bungwe la United otchuka" reactionary bungwe "Russian Union of Anthu" unakhazikitsidwa mu Moscow. Oyambitsa ndi atsogoleri anali Sheremetiev m'bale, Prince Troubetzkoy ndi Shcherbatov. Duke Dmitri Pavlovich Golitsyn (Muravlin) analinso Black mazanamazana. Awa ndi "ulemerero mayina Russian" anali a Black mazanamazana. Onse a iwo anakopeka lingaliro waukulu, kotheratu pulogalamu kayendedwe, - ndi inviolability ya Mafumu, umodzi wa autocracy ndi anthu.

Chosefukira kukhulupirika kwa autocracy ndi

monarchists kwambiri, choncho amatchedwanso Black Mazana, Russia ndi msasa ndiwofatsa, limene, mogwirizana ndi zimene mabuku ena amanena, owerengedwa akadzagonjetsedwa ulimi wa anthu 1905-1907 kwa 410 zikwi. Black Mazana pulogalamu kwenikweni anadalira pa chiphunzitso cha otchedwa dziko nduna, yokonzedwa ndi Nduna ya Maphunziro Russian S. S. Uvarov (zoyambirira za m'ma XIX). Iye anayamba chilinganizo chapatatu chimene tinganene kuti ngati lingaliro zoyambirira za chiphunzitso Uvarov: Orthodoxy, Autocracy, dziko. MALIRE autocracy, komanso Orthodox, amene poyamba ankaganiza Black Mazana Russian chiyambi, anakhala zosasintha ndi kusintha Russia sayenera.

Relaxations analola Black Mazana

Komabe, ena mapulogalamu awo monga ufulu zosiyanasiyana - chipembedzo, kalankhulidwe msonkhano, atolankhani, kucheza, ndi inviolability munthu. Choncho, n'zosadabwitsa mu kwambiri a anthu samakhala chisoni ndi mazana Black. Anali wotsimikizika kwambiri ndi agrarian reactionaries pulogalamu kupereka alimi kugulitsa yekha wopanda pasukulupo (palibe katundu wa landlords a), kupanga lendi ndipo ngongole kachitidwe.

Choncho, ngati kunapezeka, anali kulephera pulogalamu ya Black Mazana funso dziko. Limodzi ndi indivisible Russia, mu maganizo awo, zikhazikitsidwe chauvinism, amene adatenga mitundu kwambiri ndi wangokhala zigawenga odana Semitism.

akugwirizana kwambiri

Black Mazana maganizo misa zowawa m'mabuku monga "Flag Russian" ndi "Moscow News", "Pochaev pepala" ndi "Bell". Komanso "zemshchina", "Mvula ya Mkuntho" ndi "Veche", "Kievlyanin" ndi "nzika". Support zoposa mphamvu. Iwo chinathandiza chakuti Black Mazana wafika bwino ndi chomvetsetseka kwa ambirimbiri landlords, atsogoleri, amalonda, ogwira ntchito ndi anthu wamba, amisiri ndi oimira ang'ono ndi lalikulu m'matauni bourgeoisie, ndi bourgeoisie zazing'ono ndi Cossacks - mwamtheradi onse strata wa anthu Russian.

Mapeto a kuyenda ndi atsogoleri ake

Pambuyo pogroms kwa nkhanza kwa mbali ambiri ananyansidwa ndi Black mazana, ndi kayendedwe yafika kuima amphumphu pambuyo 1917, ndipo boma la Soviet wakhala kwathunthu yoletsedwa. The Black Mazana, atsogoleri ideologists amene ankatengedwa adani a anthu mwachangu kumenyana mphamvu Soviet, ndi pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World kumbali ya Nazi. Ndi manambalawo lalikulu la gululo makamaka AI Dubrovin, V. Purishkevich, VA Gringmut, N. E. Markov. Ndipo PF Bulatsel (Loya), II Vostorgov (wansembe), injiniya AI Trischaty Prince M. K. Shahovskoy mmonke Heliodorus.

Octo

Monga tanenera kale, mgwirizano mu tithe kuyenda sizinachitikepo anati, mabungwe ambiri ankasiyana Chrixitu maina komanso mapulogalamu. Choncho, mamembala a chipani "Union of October 17" kapena Octo-Black ambirimbiri, anali ndi udindo wapadera pakati pa zipani Russian ndale - iwo ili pakati osafuna kusintha ndi olekerera, ndipo n'chifukwa chiyani akutchedwa olekerera ndiwofatsa. Ife kutsogolera gulu lalikulu la zachuma ndi malonda ndi mafakitale bourgeoisie A. I. Guchkov, M. V. Rodzyanko ndi vv Shulgin.

Pa mtima za pulogalamu awo anagona Manifesto ndi tsar ya October 17, 1905. Kuchokera kwambiri reactionaries bwino-phiko Octo kusiyana ndi chakuti anaitana kwa mafumu malamulo a dziko lino zomwe mphamvu ya mfumu anali wochepa lamulo lenileni. Iwo ankasiyana yoyenera kwambiri ndi chakuti, kulankhula kwa indivisible Russia, ufulu kudziyimira pawokha wa Finland akadali losadziwika. Ndipo wamba funso iwo anali mokomera mokakamizidwa kupatuka m'dziko landlords 'dipo.

Cadets

Ngati kwambiri pomwe phiko anali Octobrists, ndiye kumanzere phiko la kayendedwe owolowa manja msasa Cadets (Constitutional-Democratic Party), kulinganiza ndi mtsogoleri maganizo amene anali P. N. Milyukov. Party, pulani akulu omwe anatchedwa "The Party Ufulu anthu." Mu pulogalamu awo, chidwi linaperekedwa kwa ufulu ndi kumasulika kwa nzika zonse. Iwo amaona kuti tsogolo Russian boma mapangidwe anali kukhala oyendetsera dziko ndi aphungu mafumu. The Cadets, ndi Octobrists, ndi Black Mazana - ichi kwambiri kapena zochepa lalikulu chipani mwa anthu ambiri, monga Socialist-boma, neopopulists, ndi Mensheviks, ndi Bolsheviks, amene Russia pa chiyambi cha m'ma otsiriza, mpaka utasintha, anali ambiri. Koma Cadets, ndi Octobrists ndi Black Mazana United khalidwe lokonda mafumu, amene prioritizes ndi inviolability mapulogalamu awo.