Kum'mawa mafuko Asilavo ndi anansi awo: mbiriyakale, mbali ndi mfundo zosangalatsa

Part wa onse a anthu Asilavo, anakakhala oyambirira Ages Middle, Dera la East European Plain, popangidwa ndi gulu la East Asilavo mafuko (ali ndinasintha wosiyana kum'mwera ndi kumadzulo Asilavo). Izi yense pambali anthu ambiri osiyana.

The zikamera wa East Asilavo

Modern zinthu zofukulidwa ali ndi zipangizo zonse zofunikira kuti kuunikila mfundo za komwe angathe kukhala East mafuko Asilavo komanso anansi awo. Kodi kupanga oyambirira akale ammudzi? Ngakhale mu nthawi ya Roma pafupifupi Asilavo kuthetsedwa chifukwa Vistula ndi chapamwamba Dniestre. Kuyambira pano anayamba kulamulira kum'mawa - m'dera la Russia zamakono Ukraine.

The V ndi VII CC. Asilavo anakhazikika m'dera Dnieper, limodzi ndi Antes. Mu VIII atumwi, chifukwa cha wamphamvu yoweyula latsopano kusamuka anapanga chikhalidwe - Romny. onyamula ake anali northerners. Izi East mafuko Asilavo ndi anansi awo anakakhala maiwe Seym mitsinje Desna ndi Sula. Other "abale" a kudziika nkhope zawo yopapatiza. Northerners anakakhala copses ndi minda, kudula nkhalango zithaphwi.

The kulamulira wa Volga ndi Oka

Mu VI atumwi, anayamba kulamulira ya kum'mawa Asilavo a tsogolo la Russian North ndi pakati pa Volga ndi Oka. Apa osamukawo akukumana ndi magulu awiri oyandikana - ndi Balts ndi Finno-Ugric. Oyamba kumpoto zinasuntha krivichi. Anakakhala ku Upper Volga. North walowerera Ilmen Slovenia, amene anakhala m'dera la White Lake. Apa anakumana Pomorie. Komanso ilmentsy anakakhala Pool Mologa ndi Volga Yaroslavl. Pamodzi ndi mafuko wosakaniza ndi miyambo.

Kum'mawa mafuko Asilavo ndi anansi awo anali ndi Moscow chi ndi Region Ryazan. Panali colonizers vyatichi, pamlingo wocheperapo - ndi northerners ndi radzimichy. Achititsa ndi Don Asilavo. Vyatichi anafika Prony mtsinje ndipo anakakhala pa magombe a ku Moscow Mtsinje. Mbali khalidwe la colonizers awa anali kachisi mphete. Malinga ndi iye, akatswiri apeza ndi Vyatichi m'dera resettlement. Kumpoto Russia anakopeka osamukawo khola m'munsi ulimi ndi chuma cha tsitsi, kale analephera mbali zina za Asilavo Pamudzi. Am'deralo - mer (Finno-Ugric) - anali ochepa ndipo posachedwapa mbisoweka mwa Asilavo kapena inkatulutsidwa ndi iwo Kemi.

anansi kum'mawa

Populating malire kumtunda kwa Volga, ndi Asilavo anakhala pafupi ndi Volga Bulgarians. Iwo ankakhala pa dera la Tatarstan ano. Aluya ankaona anthu awo kwambiri kumpoto kwa dziko, kuchita Islam. Likulu la ufumu wa Volga Bulgars unali mzinda wa Great Bulgaria. linga lake waima. kusiyana asilikali pakati pa Volga Bulgarians ndi Asilavo kum'mawa idayamba nthawi imodzi, centralized Russia, kumene kucheza naye watha kukhala mosamalitsa mafuko. Mikangano alternated ndi nyengo yamtendere. Panthawi imeneyi, yapamwamba malonda pamodzi mtsinje waukulu anabweretsa ndalama kwambiri ku mbali zonse ziwiri.

Resettlement a kum'mawa mafuko Asilavo pa malire ake kum'mawa Komanso m'manda m'gawo la anthu a Khazars. anthu awa, ngati Volga Bulgarians anali Turkic. Pa nthawi yomweyo, Khazars anali Ayuda, kuti zinali zodabwitsa kwambiri kwa Europe ano. Ankalamulira dera chidwi pa Don kwa Nyanja ya Caspian. Mtima wa a Khazar Khanate anali mu malire m'munsi wa Volga, kumene pafupi Astrakhan masiku ano Khazar likulu la Itil.

anansi Western

Malire a kumadzulo kwa kuthetsa wa East Asilavo ankaona Volyn. Kuyambira pamenepo kwa Dnieper moyo Duleby - mgwirizano wa mafuko angapo. Archeologists kuwerengera kuti chikhalidwe Prague-korchak. The mgwirizano m'gulu Volhynians, drevlyans, Dregovichi ndi kudula. M'zaka za m'ma VII, iwo anapulumuka Avar kuwukira.

Kum'mawa mafuko Asilavo ndi anansi awo dera ankakhala woyendera nthambi steppe. West akuyamba dera la Western Asilavo choyamba Zitsulo onse. Relations nawo sakuyenda pambuyo polenga Russia ndi Vladimir Svyatoslavich kukhazikitsidwa kwa Orthodoxy. The Zitsulo tinabatizidwa mu mwambo wa Chikatolika. Pakati pawo ndi kum'mawa Asilavo anali kulimbana osati kwa Volyn, komanso wotchedwa Galicia.

Kulimbana ndi Pechenegs

Asilavo kum'mawa mu nthawi ya mafuko achikunja sangakhoze mayiko a ku dera Black Sea. Apa itha otchedwa "Great steppe" - steppe woyendera nthambi, ili mu mtima wa Europe ndi ku Asia. Black Sea dera anakopeka zosiyanasiyana wongosamukasamuka. M'zaka za m'ma IX kumeneko anakakhala Pechenegs. Izi magulu a moyo pakati Russia, Bulgaria, Hungary ndi Alan.

Mizu Nyanja Black, anawononga steppes Pechenegs anakakhala chikhalidwe. Mbisoweka Transnistrian Asilavo (Tivertsy) ndi Don Alani. Mu X atumwi anayamba Chirasha ochuluka Pecheneg nkhondo. Sitinathe gwirizana ndi mzake mafuko East Asilavo komanso anansi awo. NTCHITO Bajanaks amalipira kwambiri chidwi, zomwe sizodabwitsa. Izi wongosamukasamuka olusa amakhala chifukwa looting ndipo kundivutitsa anthu a Kiev ndi Pereyaslavets. Mu XI atumwi ku malo awo anabwera mdani ngakhale zoopsa - Polovtsy.

Asilavo mu Don

Asilavo anayamba massively kukhala Avereji ya Don dera kumayambiriro kwa VIII - IX zaka. Panthawi imeneyi, kuoneka zipilala Borshevsky chikhalidwe. zotsatira zake zofunika kwambiri (ziwiya zadothi, chiyanjano, kuda kulambira) chimasonyeza kuti Don colonizers anabwera kuchokera kum'mwera kumadzulo kwa Ulaya. Don Asilavo sanali northerners kapena vyatichi, akatswiri ankaganiza mpaka posachedwapa. M'zaka za m'ma IX chifukwa cha kusalola anthu yafalikira pakati pawo m'manda mwambo wa maliro, omwe anali ofanana vyatichskomu.

Mu X atumwi Asilavo Russian ndi anansi awo dera anapulumuka zolusa anawazunza Pechenegs. Ambiri anasiya n'kubwerera ku dera Don Pooche. Ndicho chifukwa chake ife tingakhoze kunena kuti dziko Ryazan asezare mbali zonse - kuchokera steppes kum'mwera ndi kumadzulo. Kubweranso kwa Asilavo mu Don beseni anali kokha m'zaka XII. M'dera lino, kum'mwera kwa colonizers ndi atsopano kwa dziwe Bityug mtsinje ndi kwathunthu katswiri dziwe Voronezh Mtsinje.

Pafupi ndi Balts ndi Finno-Ugric

mafuko Asilavo Radimichi Vyatichi ndi limodzi ndi Balts - okhala masiku ano Lithuania, Latvia ndi Estonia. chikhalidwe chawo muli zina wamba. Zimenezi n'zosadabwitsa. Kum'mawa mafuko Asilavo ndi anansi awo Mwachidule, osati anagulitsa, koma nawonso anakopeka ndi ethnogenesis mzake. Mwachitsanzo, m'midzi ya Vyatichi akatswiriwa anapeza zobwera chifukwa mafuko ofanana khosi hryvnia.

mtundu A chikhalidwe Asilavo zachitika kuzungulira Balts ndi anthu Finno-Ugric m'dera la Nyanja Pskov. Panali nthawi kutsinde ngati n'chodabwitsa, zomwe m'malo malo m'manda. Chotero anamanga yekha m'dera mafuko East Asilavo komanso anansi awo. Mbiri ya chitukuko cha mwambo wa maliro limathandiza ogwira ntchito bwinobwino kudziwa wakale wa Amitundu. Pskov makolo anamanga nyumba pansi Log ndi masitovu kapena zidina mauvuni (zosiyana ndi mwambo wa kum'mwera theka dugouts). Iwo ukugwira slash ndiponso kutentha ulimi. Tikumbukenso kuti Pskov barrows yaitali linafalikira Podvinye Polotsk ndi Smolensk Dnieper. Izi zigawo mphamvu ya Balts kunali pacimake.

Mphamvu ya anansi chipembedzo ndi nthano

Ngati anthu ena a kum'mawa kwa Ulaya, Eastern Asilavo malinga ndi dongosolo wa umutu Fuko moyo. Chifukwa cha ichi, iwo anabwera ndipo anathandiza gulu la mpatuko banja ndi mwambo wa maliro. The Asilavo anali achikunja. Milungu chofunika kwambiri gulu lawo ankaona Perun, Mokosh ndi Veles. M'nthano Asilavo mukopedwe Aselote ndi Iranians (Sarmatians, Asukuti ndi Alans). kufanana Iwowa taonera zifanizo za milungu. Choncho, Dazhbog ofanana Acelt mulungu Dagda ndi Mokosh ofanana Maha.

Tinali kwambiri Asilavo wamba achikunja ndi anansi awo zikhulupiriro. Mbiri ya Baltic nthano wasiya mayina a milungu Perkunas (Perun) ndi Velnyasa (Velez). The motif wa mtengo dziko ndi kukhalapo kwa chinjoka (Nyoka Gorynycha) kumabweretsa nthano Asilavo ndi Norse. Pambuyo kukhala Mpingo umodzi unagawidwa mafuko angapo, zikhulupiriro anayamba kufunafuna kusiyana dera. Mwachitsanzo, anthu a Oka ndi Volga kuona chikoka lapadera nthano za Finno-Ugric anthu.

Ukapolo mu Asilavo kum'mawa

Malinga ndi Baibulo boma mu Asilavo kum'mawa, kapolo wamba oyambirira Ages Middle. akaidi, mwachizolowezi, mu nkhondo. Mwachitsanzo, olemba Arabic nthawi amanena kuti Asilavo East anagwira akapolo ambiri mu nkhondo ndi Hungarians (Magyars, ndipo nawonso, analandidwa kapolo anagwidwa ndi Asilavo). fuko lino anali ndi mwayi wapadera. Chihangare ndi kubadwa - ndi Finno-Ugric anthu. Iwo anasamukira ku kumadzulo nakhala ozungulira malire pakati pa Danube. Choncho, Hungarians anali chimodzimodzi pakati pa kumwera, kum'mawa ndi kumadzulo Asilavo. Pankhani imeneyi pali nkhondo zonse.

Asilavo akanatha kukagulitsa akapolo Byzantium, Bulgaria kapena Volga Khazaria. Ngakhale kuti ambiri a iwo inkakhala amene anagwidwa mu nkhondo ya alendo, mu VIII m'ma panali akapolo pakati pa abale awo. Chisilavo umakhoza ku ukapolo chifukwa cha mlandu kapena kuphwanya mfundo za makhalidwe.

Othandiza Mabaibulo osiyanasiyana kuteteza mfundo yake maganizo, chimene mu Russia ukapolo ngati kulibe. M'malo mwake, mu izi akapolo m'mayiko anafuna chifukwa kuno aliyense ankaona free, kwa chikunja Asilavo ali sanadziyeretse unfreedom (ukapolo, ukapolo) ndi lochitira chikhalidwe.

Scandinavia ndi Novgorod

The zinachitika wa Old boma Russian unachokera mu Novgorod. Idamangidwa Ilmen Slovenia. Mpaka m'zaka IX, zolalika zawo amadziwika kwambiri wopereŵera ndi zoipa. Near iwo anali Scandinavia, imene mbiri Western otchedwa Scandinavia.

Scandinavia nthawi anagonjetsa mafumu Ilmen Slovenia ndi akhaapatisa kupereka msonkho. anthu Novgorod asankha kuteteza alendo oyandikana nawo nyumba zina, zimene linali dzina la atsogoleri awo kulamulira kunyumba. Choncho mtsinje wa Volkhov anabwera Rurik. m'malo mwake Oleg anagonjetsa Kiev namanga maziko a Old boma Russian.