Lingaliro la "Kuti anthu." Dongosolo chikhalidwe cha Asilavo akale, Kievan Lazaro

Mbali yaikulu kudziwa mphamvu malamulo a anthu Russia wakale anali boma la ufulu wawo. Motero, anthu salembedwa ogaŵikana akapolo (akapolo) ndi ufulu. Komanso, panali wapakatikati makalasi akapolo anthu. Amaonedwa mwalamulo free, koma kwenikweni anali yozungulira chuma (ngongole kapena tidakocheza). Chifukwa cha ichi, iwo akudwala ndi diminution ufulu.

zinthu zokhudza

Izi zikuphatikizapo gulu la anthu, amene amayambitsidwa ndi digiri ena a chitukuko cha ulimi, komanso kuwombola ndi kameredwe mankhwala. Komanso, dongosolo chikhalidwe mbali zimadalira chikumbumtima cha anthu ndi miyambo enshrined m'chilamulo ndi kutetezedwa ndi boma. akuphatikizapo tichipeza zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo ubwenzi ndale, chuma, chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe ndi wauzimu.

Lazaro wakale

Macitidwe zilipo analemba kuti dongosolo anthu a Asilavo, amene anadzakhala dziko m'dera la East European Plain, anali m'dera mafuko. Ichi chimatanthauza kuti mphamvu zonse ndi chuma anali mu manja a akulu. Ancient Asilavo kulambira makolo, kulemekeza makolo awo.

Kuchokera VI m'ma mkubwela kwa zipangizo amapangidwa ndi zitsulo, komanso kusintha kwa kusuntha kulima kuti Paschen ubwenzi yapita anayamba udzangotha. Linayenera kugwirizanitsa zoyesayesa zonse, popanda yekha, mamembala a mtundu kuti bwinobwino kuthamanga chuma. N'chifukwa chake banja usanati payekha.

Dongosolo chikhalidwe cha a kummawa Asilavo zonse kusintha. M'kupita kwa nthawi, m'madera onsewo anakhala m'dera kapena malo. Iwo anapitiriza umwini wamba olimapo, msipu mchere ndi nkhalango. Tsopano, mabanja ena kupereka magawo. m'madera amenewo olimapo, iwo ankayenera kuti ntchito zipangizo zawo zawo ndipo adasiya pafupifupi zokolola lonse. Ndiye repartition mobwereza wambiri anazimitsa mu chuma mpaka kalekale, zomwe mabanja ena ziwanda.

Komanso kusintha kwa zipangizo za ntchito zinachititsa kuti zikamera kupanga zotsala, ndiyeno - chitukuko cha tsintho pakati pa mabanja. Pa nkhani imeneyi, pang'onopang'ono anayamba kuoneka kuti latsopano chikhalidwe cha Asilavo, zomwe zinachititsa kuti zosiyanasiyana cha anthu, chuma lochitira ndi chidwi kudzikundikira akulu boma ndi olemekezeka ena. Panthawi imeneyi, waukulu bungwe lolamulira la chipinda anali, amagwira ntchito limodzi pothetsa mafunso zonse zofunika. Koma pang'onopang'ono anayamba kutaya tanthauzo lake.

Monga amadziwika, ndi Asilavo kum'mawa nthaŵi zonse nkhondo ndi anansi awo. Komanso, kusonyeza zankhanza zambiri za mafuko woyendayendawu. Chifukwa, izo anayamba kuculuka kufunika kwa atsogoleri a asilikali amene ali akalonga. Iwo anali anthu waukulu FATA. kupanga muyeso amalola madera kusunga kalonga ndi asilikali ake okhulupirika - ndi detachment a asilikali. Pang'onopang'ono manja awo anaikira mphamvu zonse ndipo kwambiri chuma. Iwo n'kukagwiritsa dziko ndi azungulira misonkho atsogoleri. Choncho, zaka VIII-IX, dongosolo chikhalidwe cha Russia wakale anayamba kusintha. Lakuthwa stratification anayamba kupereka maziko kwa mapangidwe boma.

magulu Waukulu

Dongosolo chikhalidwe cha Kievan Yairo unalembedwa a magulu akuluakulu anayi, wotchedwa ambuye, osawuka, serfs ndi anthu m'tauni (kapena m'tauni). Onse a iwo anali ndi ufulu osiyana.

Kudulidwa kwa anthu mu makalasi, molingana ndi azambiriyakale ambiri, umboni wa chitukuko mofulumira ubale ang'onoang'ono. Mu nkhani iyi, mfulu kudzanso kale kenako anatembenukira kwa anthu yozungulira. Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti pa siteji iyi ya chitukuko cha feudalism panalibe serfdom, imene ikukhudza ubwenzi osauka ku dzikolo ndi panokha kuti mwini.

ufulu anthu

Zandale ndiponso dongosolo la Kievan Lazaro anali oyambirira ang'onoang'ono mafumu. Mutu wa State anali Grand Duke, ndipo nayenso, ali wamng'ono kwa ena, ang'onoang'ono. Kuthetsa mikangano akuwuka pakati pawo, monga gulu kapena kusokonekera m'dziko, komanso zinthu za mapeto a mtendere kapena nkhondo, misonkhano yapadera.

Kulamulidwa ndi akalonga a squads awo - magulu a asilikali akatswiri. Asilikali anasonkhana msonkho, ndipo chifukwa komanso analandira okhutira. vigilantes Senior, kutsogozedwa ndi Prince nawo chilengedwe cha malamulo nalowa naye bungwe, otchedwa Council.

osankhika asilikali anatitumiza ku ntchito yoyang'anira imene otchedwa decimal anaonekera kulamulira dera. Pa nthawi lidzaloŵa m'malo maulamuliro nyumba yachifumu-patrimonial zochokera umwini ang'onoang'ono a dziko.

alonda ndinayamba nzika ndipo analandira digiri ya chitetezo chokwanira, zomwe zinawathandiza ufulu kutaya m'madera awo popanda chopinga chilichonse m'zochita zawo akuluakulu kalonga.

kalasi wa ambuye ang'onoang'ono

Analipo pa nthawi dongosolo chikhalidwe ndi mtundu wa makwerero pamwamba wokhala Kalonga wa Kiev, ndi osankhika ake - mafumu ang'onoang'ono. Kwambiri mwayi mukudziwa. Havayo, ogaŵikana subgroups angapo. Pakati pawo - ndi boyars. Otchedwa vigilantes wopuma pantchito okalamba, yemwe anali Grand Prince wa Kiev. Kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma XI, iwo kukhala lalikulu ang'onoang'ono nzika. iwonso nawo boma (zambiri mu udindo wa nduna.)

Knyazhye amuna - wapafupi pulezidenti anamuperekeza. Iwo anali alangizi zandale, ndipo anali mu otchedwa Council pansi Prince. anthu awa analibe malo ndipo anakhala yozungulira. Iwo anali mbadwa za kuwala kwakukulu ndi akalonga ndi akulu a mafuko.

Ognischanami otchedwa akuluakulu lolemekezeka nawo ulamuliro wa mbali zosiyanasiyana za boma.

Anthu amene panokha kuyang'anira zochitika ndiponso katundu wa kalonga, ankatchedwa Knyazhye Tiuna, mwachitsanzo atumiki. Ponena za udindo wawo, iwo anali pa msinkhu wa akapolo wamba.

Panali anyamata - chiwerengero wamng'ono ozimitsa kuchokera Grand Duke. Iwo ankaziona ngati landlords ang'onoang'ono ndi nawo boma.

The mwayi waukulu nawo nkhondo achikulire, womwe boyars, yokhudza malo anali ndi ufulu wapadera wa chitetezo chokwanira kuti angalolere iwo zotsatirazi:

● osati kumvera osati boma limodzi, koma ang'onoang'ono m'munda;

● thandizo la Prince ulamuliro;

● kusonkhanitsa misonkho yosiyanasiyana ndi kuthera mabwalo mu ulemu wa anthu kudalira.

Kenako mu udzatha ndi analembedwa ndi ufulu angapo pofuna kuteteza moyo, umoyo ndi ulemu. komanso amakhala akupezeka kuti chapadera cha kulowezana umene chuma akhoza anasamutsa osati wamwamuna komanso mzere wamkazi. Komanso, kwambiri kuchuluka udindo kupha, amene ananena kuti mtengo wa moyo wa mbuye ang'onoang'ono ndiye 80 hryvnia.

anthu amadalira

Monga kale, ndi kuti anthu ambiri Asilavo kum'mawa anasintha pang'onopang'ono, zimene zinachititsa kuti unaziri wake ndi kugawikana m'magulu. Panali anthu yozungulira umene serfs, kugula ndi ryadovichi. Iyo inali gawo lalikulu la anthu a Russia wakale.

Amadalira anatchula lichnosvobodnyh wamba kulankhula. Iwo anali ndi ufulu kusamutsa katundu kuti cholowa chake, ndi kuti akalowe mu asapita contractual. Mlandu ayenera kupereka chindapusa yonse. Iwo anali ndi ufulu kutenga nawo mbali Kuthi milandu, onse monga Chakuamba ndipo ngati wozengedwa kapena mboni.

Kugula ankachitira smerdy, mwanjira kukhala mutayamba ngongole awo alipo ndalamawo. Iwo ankagwira ntchito iwo ngati pali sadzatha kubwerera ngongoleyo. Zákupy musunge chuma chawo akudutsa cholowa kwa achibale, koma mangawa awo anasamutsidwa. Iwo akhoza kulowa mu mapangano ndi mlandu, komanso kuchita nawo Kuthi monga onse wozengedwa ndi odandaula. Zákupy koma sankaloledwa kusiya munda wokongoza, kapena kukana ntchito pa izo. Kusamvera analangidwa ndi ukapolo. Kugula ndipo sanathe kuchita monga umboni ku Kuthi bwalo chifukwa kumwa ngongole yake.

dongosolo A chikhalidwe zochokera mbali malamulo a zinthu kudziwa chimene kugula akhoza kumasulidwa. The woyamba - adzabweranso ngongole. The chachiwiri - womasulidwa ndi bwalo ngati wokongoza Zosintha udindo wa ngongole kuti gulu lachitatu. Ndipo potsiriza, otsiriza, pamene kugula anamenyedwa ndi wobwereketsayo.

Ryadovichami otchedwa amangawa amene wotetezedwa ufulu wake anatenga ndalama komanso kanthu.

anthu unfree

Dongosolo chikhalidwe cha Russia wakale anakonza m'njira kuti anali ndi gulu la anthu, kwathunthu angongole ndi disenfranchised. Iwo ankatchedwa akapolo. Iwo analibe udindo aliyense payekha malamulo ndi chuma. Iwo anali kuwaona wosadziŵa ndipo analibe ufulu kutenga nawo mbali pa litigation ndi mlandu.

Panali zifukwa anthu akhoza kukhala akapolo (akapolo):

● Ndi ufulu wa kubadwa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ngati kholo chimodzi anali kapolo, ndiye mwana komanso kufika iwo.

● Ukwati kapolo.

● samoprodazha. Pakuti ichi chikalata yosainidwa pamaso pa mboni.

● anagwidwa pa nkhondoyi.

● Anapulumutsa kugula. Pankhaniyi, akapolo anatembenuka ndi banja lake lonse.

● The chokhumudwitsa chigawenga poponyedwa kulandidwa katundu. Komanso, banja mu mphamvu anakhala akapolo. chilangochi chikangoperekedwa cha kupha munthu, kuba, anachita kuwotcha dala, kavalo kuba ndi bankirapuse.

Tikumbukenso kuti dongosolo chikhalidwe cha Kievan Lazaro ndi malamulo ake salola ndikuuzeni wamba kukhala mfulu. Komanso, iwo akufunira ankaona chipongwe choopsa kwa mfulu. Yekha zikhoza kukhala chakuti mwanayo anabadwa kapolo ndi mbuye wake. Ndipo pamene mwiniwake anafa, anakhala munthu ufulu.

anthu townsmen

Dongosolo chikhalidwe, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa pa maiko Russian mu masiku amenewo, ananena kupanda ukapolo m'mizinda. Townsmen anthu anali malamulo kufanana zonse. Only mu XII atumwi ndi anthu m'tauni anayamba kusonyeza zizindikiro za kulekana (zosiyanasiyana) alionse mwa umwini.

Anthu anayamba m'magulu awiri: akulu ndi wakuda. Woyamba kogwirizana ndi amalonda ndi "alendo", kuchita malonda achilendo, ndipo chachiwiri - amisiri. Anayamba kutuluka umoyo ndi zachuma dongosolo umene unali malamulo lochitira m'mizinda. Pankhaniyi, wakuda, popanda chilolezo awo kutumiza asilikali kapena ntchito pagulu.

Zikamera wa mizinda

Pa nucleation ndi zina chitukuko feudalism gawo amisiri amene anali m'dera anayamba kudalira eni dziko wolemera. Ena anayamba kusiya midzi yawo ndi kupita ku malo atsopano okhala. Anakakhala pansi makoma a nyumba kalonga ndi chateaus. Choncho, zinthu zokhudza Russia anawonjezera gulu lina la anthu - m'tauni, kapena anthu a m'tauni.

Njira ya moyo m'midzi awa anali zimasiyana kwambiri ndi mmene chikhalidwe cha moyo ankakhalira a kumidzi. M'malo mwa dziko, wopangidwa mwa steppes wosatha, zithaphwi ndi nkhalango moti, ndi wodalirika kwambiri yamalinga malo, amene poyamba anali mtundu wa Ukulu wa lamulo.

Padziko pakati pa X atumwi, pamene kulimbitsa wa Old boma Russian midzi m'tawuni apeza mphamvu ya kuchita osati ntchito yoyang'anira ndi asilikali. ndi malo chikhalidwe anayamba kuoneka ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa Christianity.

dongosolo ndiye zandale ndiponso Russia choyamba zimakhudza malo pa zikamera ndi kukula kwa mizinda ngati Kiev ndi Novgorod. kafukufuku m'mabwinja ndi zofukulidwa kutsimikizira kuti midzi kale anapanga dongosolo, omwe anali nawo ndende ya mphamvu, utsogoleli mpingo, komanso zonse zofunikira chitukuko malo.

kasamalidwe State

dongosolo ndale komanso a Kievan Yairo angatchedwe oyambirira ang'onoang'ono mafumu, monga mutu wa dziko anali mtsogoleri mmodzi - Grand Duke. mphamvu zokonza malamulo anali anaikira mu manja ake, iye anaika misonkho anathana nkhani zonse zazikulu chuma. Icho chinali Grand Duke anali mtsogoleri a dongosolo la boma ndipo woweruza wamkulu, ndipo anauza asilikali awo zida.

Komanso njira zina ankagwira mu bukhuli:

● Council ya Prince. Iye ankaona kuti ulamuliro mwamwayi ndi lopangidwa ndi akapitawo a asilikali - ankhondo okalamba, oimira atsogoleri apamwamba, akulu tauni ndi ena.

● Veche. Ichi ndi akuluakulu nduna dziko, wopangidwa mwa nzika ufulu. Veche akanati kusonkhana pa zonse dziko ndi pa mlingo m'munsi. yamtunduwu zimapezekanso nkhani ya mfundo mkati ndi achilendo. Mphamvu ya mphamvu ya Komiti wakhala kudalira mphamvu kapena kufooka kwa mkulu wa mphamvu.

● ang'onoang'ono misonkhano. Iwo kuthetsa nkhani zosiyanasiyana zokhudza ubale pakati pa akalonga. Woyamba msonkhano amenewa unachitikira penapake kumapeto kwa zaka XI. Assembly akhoza kuvala khalidwe lonselo kapena msonkhano pa malo osiyana.

chitsimikiziro wina chakuti dongosolo zandale ndiponso boma la Kievan Yairo zinali oyambirira ang'onoang'ono ufumu, ndi mphamvu chochepa kwambiri cha kalonga. Iye ndi maganizo ake kumlingo zimadalira chilengedwe yomweyo, komanso Komiti ndi misonkhano ina. Zimenezi chifukwa chakuti chapakati ndi dera makonzedwe n'zogwirizana ndi mzake ndi ofooka kwambiri. limagwirira ili la kasamalidwe boma anali kokha siteji koyamba za chitukuko cha Mafumu.