Choyamba ndege sitima mu USSR: mbiriyakale, makhalidwe, zithunzi

Kumayambiriro 70s 'pamaso pa Institute Onse-Union Scientific Research wa railcar (VNIIV) ndi Yakovlev Design Bureau ntchito kupanga zoweta sitima magetsi anaperekedwa, angathe imathamanga 200 Km / h. Komabe, akuyendera ndi kukhazikitsa ngati ntchito wofuna kutchuka pa nthawi, ayenera bwinobwino kuphunzira mbali zonse za mogwirizana mawilo ngolo ndi njanji pa ntchito inatha pa liwiro ngati mkulu.

The experimental galimoto-roketi

Chifukwa cha kuyesa ndi ndege sitima iwo unalengedwa, kukhala yeniyeni kwambiri, galimoto-zasayansi zokhalamo lotengeka pa izo ndege injini. Chotero kapangidwe Sikuti kokha kulola kuti tikwaniritse liwiro chofunika, koma yafupika chiopsezo cha kukokomeza anayambitsa ndi mawilo galimoto, pamene limazungulira amakankhira kutali njanji lapansi.

Ganizo kupanga sitima ndi injini ndege sanali pachiyambi, kuyambira 60s ndi kafukufuku yofanana linachita ku United States ndipo ambiri mkati mwa atolankhani dziko. Zinachitikira anzake American anamugwiritsa ntchito okonza Soviet kutsatira ntchito khamu lonse mu masitolo wa Kalinin (tsopano Tver) ophimba Works. Apa ndi pamene woyamba USSR ndege sitima unakhazikitsidwa.

Phunzitsani kwakusiyana

Amadziwika kuti chilengedwe cha poyamba anakonza kupanga sitima yapadera kuti likukwaniritsa zofunikira zonse zimene ofunikira galimoto-zasayansi. Koma m'kupita kwa ntchito itayamba, anaganiza kupita njira zosavuta zitheke, ntchito zonse magetsi galimoto mutu PITIRIRA ZITATU 22 chopangidwa ndi Riga ophimba Works. Kumene, kuti apange Sitima yapamtunda a ndege sitima, ankafuna kuti mu kamangidwe ka kusintha, koma Mulimonsemo si zodula kwambiri komanso waliwiro kuposa kupanga chitsanzo latsopano.

Kukwera zinachitikira akatswiri American, okonza VNIIV ndi Yakovlev Design Bureau anaona n'koyenera kulimbitsa pa zashuga ndi injini ndege ziwiri. Pankhaniyi, monga mu nkhani ya sitima patsogolo pawo ndi vuto ngati ─ angagwiritse zinthu zatsopano kapena ntchito okonzeka zopangidwa injini ntchito mu ndege ano? Atakambirana yaitali anali ankakonda chimake chachiwiri.

Chatsopano amene anapuma pantchito injini

Zitsanzo zonse zilipo ndiAmene wa sitima pa ndege-amphamvu, anasankhidwa kuchokera awiri amene anapuma pantchito injini ndege Yak-40 (chithunzi lake limaoneka m'nkhani), kuti mukhale ndi ndege m'deralo. Popeza wotopa ndege gwero awo, injini onse ali mu chikhalidwe kwambiri ndipo nkukhalabe kutumikira pansi. ntchito yawo inali otsika ndi wololera njira.

Mu nkhani ya kuyesera bwino ndi unsembe wawo pa sitima ndege, izo zikhoza kuthetsedwa wina kwambiri, n'kofunika kuti vuto dziko chuma kugwirizana ndi ntchito Anapitiriza injini kulembedwa ndege sali oyenera ndege, koma ndi abwino kwambiri chifukwa ntchito nthaka. Malingana ndi zaka L. I. Brezhnev: "Chuma cha ayenera ndalama."

Zambiri ndi wololera njira

Mu ndondomekoyi, sitima ndiAmene ndege anali kuthetsa vuto zofunika kwambiri ─ kupatsa mutu galimoto sitima kuuluka bwino potsatira njira katundu chofunika zogwiritsa nazo mkulu-liwiro kuyezetsa. Vuto linali maonekedwe, osati cholinga kuthetsa amphamvu chimadza Mpweya. Komabe, mu nkhani iyi, ndi njira yosavuta ndi kothandiza anapezeka.

Popanda kusintha muyezo galimoto kamangidwe, ndiAmene polojekiti ntchito ziyangoyango wapadera, kuphimba mutu, mchira ndi gawo undercarriage za izo. kukula ndi mawonekedwe akhala masamu mu MSU zochokera deta zasayansi analandira chifukwa cha zinthu zatsopano, imene mwapadera zokula pa chitsanzo galimoto mu mphepo mumphangayo.

Zisonga mphuno, ndi kutentha zosagwira denga

Pambuyo akatswiri anayesedwa Choncho 15 zitsanzo komanso anali kupeza mulingo woyenera fomu imene ndege mutu galimoto ya sitima, anayamba streamlined. Chifukwa, mphuno yake zisonga ndi kanthu koposa mbale wokwera mu gawo kutsogolo ndi kulenga mavuto amene makina ankayembekezera mwa galasi awiri ─ ndi fairing ndi zashuga.

Ntchito ina yofunika anali amayesetsa kupewa kutenthedwa ya denga chifukwa cha kukhudzana ndi mpweya otentha ikuyenda izo, akuthawira injini ndege. Chifukwa chaichi, pamwamba pa galimoto iwo analimbitsa mapepala kutentha zosagwira zitsulo, amene anayikidwa mu zokutira zitsulo wosanjikiza.

Kulengedwa kwa patsogolo galimoto

Komanso Soviet ndege sitima, kapena kani, galimoto komanso anali modzaza mitundu yonse ya zipangizo, limachititsa osati kuti miyezo kofunikira pa zimenezo, komanso kuonetsetsa chitetezo cha gulu ake imathamanga ngati mkulu. Sikungakhale kukhala kukokomeza kunena kuti popanda patsogolo yoyenera sikuti palibe zigawo zikuluzikulu za galimoto, chifukwa kwambiri zinthu kukakamira wapadera kuti machitidwe onse, kuphatikizapo makamaka galimotoyo ndi mabuleki.

Zofunikira lonse la ─ ndege yachangu - sitima lasinthidwa chifukwa zifukwa zingapo luso. Wokwanira kuti ngati atakumana yachibadwa galimoto udampititsa mawilo, kuwachititsa sapota ndi yomanga njanji mayendedwe, kusuntha, ndiye ntchito ndege adaponya, mawilo ndi njanji atenge mbali ya zinthu chiongoko akugwira galimoto mwa njira anakonzeratu.

Nagawa ndi lateral vuto oscillation

Popeza kuti, malinga kuwerengetsera opanga, ana awo anali kukwaniritsa liwiro la 360 Km / h, tiyenera mwapadera dongosolo ananyema angathe choti sitima kumene ngati pakufunika kutero. Pachifukwa ichi, zitsanzo zatsopano wa litayamba ndi njanji maginito mabuleki yapangidwa.

Koma oscillations lateral wa ophimba kuti zivute zitani wapatsidwa ankayendetsa sitima, ankaganiza kuzimitsa chifukwa cha mpweya ndege wochokera injini ndege. Zochita anapezazo awa anali wolungamitsidwa kwathunthu.

The kuwonekera koyamba kugulu yaitali

Pomaliza, ntchito zonse kukonzekera yatha, ndipo mu May 1971 pa wakunja kwatawuni sitima gawo Golutvin ─ Ozery woyamba sitima Soviet ndi injini ndege mayeso. Pa nthawi imeneyo, iye anali kutalika 28 mamita ndi 59,4 mamita kulemera yekha. Kuti zimenezi ziyenera kuwonjezeredwa kulemera matani 4 ─ injini ndege ziwiri, ndi 7.2 mamita ─ ndege palafini, anatumikira kwa mafuta awo.

Pa tsiku loyamba kukauona anali atathana liwiro la 180 Km / h ─ mkulu zokwanira pa nthawi, koma kutali masamu 360 Km / h. Chifukwa chonchi osauka palibe zolakwa luso, ndipo ambiri zigawo yokhota kumapeto a njanji limene, zifukwa zoonekeratu, anali kuyenda pang'onopang'ono.

Komabe, maonekedwe a woyamba m'banja ndege sitima, izo tinaonera atolankhani kukhala chochitika chidwi. Nkhani yotsatirayi chikuto cha magazini otchuka "Technology wa Youth", amene odzipereka Nkhani wake wodzipereka.

mukapimidwenso

Pofuna kuthetsa zopinga kuthekera mayesero otsatirawa ikuchitika mu nyengo ya zaka 1971─1975. Ikuchitika pa gawo molunjika wa njanji thunthu Dnieper njanji pakati okwerera ndi Novomoskovsk Dneprodzerzhinsk. Kumeneko mu February 1972 turbojet sitima ku Soviet Union kuika mbiri dziko liwiro pa njanji 1520 mm, wolemera 250 Km / h. Lerolino, siyachilendo, koma zaka zimenezo, chifukwa ofanana anali wachita bwino kwambiri.

Chotero zotsatira zabwino zimatipatsa chiyembekezo kuti mu zaka zikubwerazi, dziko adzayamba kuŵeta wa mkulu-liwiro sitima yapamtunda, mothandizidwa ndi ndege yaikulu. Akatswiri nawo chilengedwe cha woyamba bwinobwino mayeso a chitsanzo, anali wokonzeka kuyamba kukula kwa mkulu-liwiro trohvagonnogo zikuchokera. Komabe, maloto awo ndi amayembekezeka chikukwaniritsidwa.

M'njira, zosafunika kwa sitima mkulu-liwiro

The zifukwa injini turbojet ndi cholinga sikuphatikizidwa mu kuŵeta ochepa. Pakati pawo, udindo ankaimba ndi inertia ndi sluggishness a dongosolo Soviet zachuma. Koma kupatula kuti, panali yofunika kwambiri zinthu cholinga zoti luso izi.

Vuto lalikulu anaonekera njanji Soviet anamanga malinga ndi zofunika luso zaka zambiri zapitazo. The radii wa kupindika mwa iwo anakonza mwa okonza yekha malinga ndi mikhalidwe mtunda ndi mtunda kwa gawo lalikulu pamene iwo pochitika zinafunika liwiro kuchepetsa 80 Km / h kapena kuchepera. Kuti achita m'Mphamvu sitima mkulu-liwiro anayenera kumanga njira zatsopano zimene zimafuna ndalama kwambiri, kapena kuchepetsa kupindika pa zaka, anavomereza kuti inefficient. Palibe mungachite izi chimatengedwa ngati zingamuthandize mu USSR.

Zotakasika mavuto sitima mtumiki

Bwinobwino anapambana mayesero kuzindikiridwa pakali pano chiwerengero cha mavuto a zomangamanga njanji. Pankhaniyi tikulankhula nsanja lotseguka siteshoni kuti zili ndi mayiko onse popanda okwerera zosiyana. Phunzitsani whizzing m'mbuyomu pa liwiro la 250 Km / h, Ngokhoza kulenga mpweya yoweyula kuti adzacotsa m'kuphethira kwa diso anthu onse pa nsanja. Choncho, kuonetsetsa kuti chitetezo chokwanira chofunika wa wamakono ambiri, umene amafuna ndalama yaikulu.

Mwa mavuto anali chinthu choterocho m'chaching'ono, monga miyala kuti kuphimba njanji onse mu USSR. Phunzitsani pa ndege yaikulu, galimoto zakale malo ndi njanji kuwoloka, anapanga kuzungulira otaya kuuluka bwino potsatira njira ya mpweya amatipeza anakulira yaikulu ya chuma chochuluka, lisanduke particles chabwino kufanana shrapnel. mfundo imodzi ─ ntchito mankhwala amenewa kuti concreted mayendedwe onse.

Lekani zimenezo

Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti pa zaka 70 ambiri njanji analola Soviet Union kukhala nawo liwiro pamwamba 140 km / h. Only m'madera ena zikhoza kuchuluka kwa 200 Km / h popanda kuwonjezera chiopsezo. Choncho, mopitirira kuwonjezeka imathamanga anagubuduza katundu wakhala anazindikira nthawi kuti kosathandiza chifukwa amatipeza amafuna ndalama yaikulu.

Monga momwe liwiro la galimoto-choyezera, pa mapeto a zatsopano mu 1975 anam'tumiza ku mzinda wa Kalinin fakitale. Kuchokera pa zotsatira analandira mu njira ya ntchito ikuchitika, tinalengedwa kuti kusintha zogwirizana structural mu zinthu zatsopano fakitale monga RT 200 sitima ndi sitima PITIRIRA ZITATU 200.

Chisoni ukalamba

Pofuna kukwaniritsa cholinga chake, ndipo palibe m'modzi ndiye akufuna, galimoto-ndege kwa zaka khumi anali mu sidings zosiyanasiyana fakitale rusting, ndi pansi wakubayu. Pomalizira pake, m'ma 80s ana akhama ku Komiti m'dera YCL anabwera ndi lingaliro likhale yapamwamba mu zaka, video chipinda, ntchito Mwaichi thupi ooneka zachilendo kwambiri wokwera ndi mota.

Iwo anati ─ mwachita. Anasiya galimoto anakokeledwa ku sump pansi fakitale kukakonza malinga ndi utumiki wake watsopano. Onse stuffing akale anakankhidwira kunja kwa iye, ndipo pa madera ukapolo anakhazikitsa zida zithunzi ndi mipando kwa masewera. Mu zashuga kale ndi pafupi khonde anakonza bar. Pamwamba pa zonse anachotsa dzimbiri akunja ndi utoto ndege wake kanema m'chipinda malankhulidwe buluu ndi zoyera.

Zingaoneke, apa ndi kuyamba moyo wake watsopano, koma mawu malonda Komsomol zitengere vuto Kalanga ─ analephera kugwirizana ndi achifwamba pachilumbachi kuchuluka zolandirika pullback ku ndalama. Ndipo iye anabwerera galimoto yake akudwala mapeto akufa, komwe anakhala zaka 20, kenako kukhala okhetsedwa mawilo.

Ndinakumbukira za yekha mu 2008, pamene akukonzekera phwando la chikumbutso 110 wa mbewu. Ake streamlined ndi kukhazikika kamodzi kwa malamulo onse aerodynamics wa kagawo mphuno, kuyeretsa, penti ndi ntchito kuti akonze khoma chikumbutso, anaika pafupi ndi khomo fakitale. chithunzi iye anamaliza nkhani yathu.