Maselo ndi structural chilinganizo dziko

Maselo, structural ndi zipangizo chilinganizo cha dziko zochokera chiphunzitso cha dongosolo la organic mankhwala Butlerov. Pamaso kulemba mitunduyi awa, timayamba ndi mapangidwe mwachidule hydrocarbon lapansi.

dziko Features

mankhwala ndi kuphulika, limatchedwanso "chithaphwi" mpweya. Fungo enieni chimasanduka Kuchepetsa kudziwika kwa onse. The ndondomeko kuyaka kwa iwo anasiya zigawo mankhwala zoipa m'thupi la munthu. dziko kuti ndi ophunzira yogwira mu mapangidwe mmene kutentha.

thupi katundu

Nthumwi woyamba wa magazi mndandanda wa alkanes wakhala anapeza asayansi mu chikhalidwe cha Titan ndi Mars. Popeza chakuti dziko ikusonyeza kuti kuli zamoyo anaonekera amanena kuti kuli moyo pa mayiko awa. Pa Saturn, Jupiter, Neptune, Uranus, dziko mankhwala anaonekera processing monga mankhwala zinthu chiyambi zochita kupanga. Padziko lathuli wa wokhutira otsika.

makhalidwe General

Dziko alibe mtundu, ndi opepuka kuposa mpweya pafupifupi kawiri, ndi bwino sungunuka m'madzi. The zikuchokera gasi kuchuluka ukufika 98 peresenti. The mafuta kudutsa mpweya lili kwa 30 peresenti 90 dziko. Mu dziko kwambiri ndi lochokera kwachilengedwenso.

Ungulates herbivores mbuzi ndi ng'ombe zimatulutsa processing mu mimba ya tizilombo m'malo kwambiri kuchuluka kwa dziko. Mwa nkhani yofunika kwa magazi mndandanda wa alkanes sankhani zithaphwi, chiswe, imathandiza gasi mbewu photosynthesis. Pa kudziwika kuda dziko pa dziko, tikhoza kulankhula za kukhalako kwa moyo ake enieni.

Njira lokonzekera

The zambiri structural chilinganizo cha dziko ndi umboni wosonyeza kuti molekyulu ake okha zimalimbikitsa nsinga umodzi anapanga mitambo wosakanizidwa. Zina embodiments zasayansi yokonza hydrocarbon cholemba alloying ndi nthochi olimba ndi sodium soda, ndiponso mogwirizana wa carbide zotayidwa ndi madzi.

Olimba dziko bluish malawi pamene kugogomeza dongosolo la 39 MJ pa mita kiyubiki. Zachiwawa osakaniza ndipamene thunthu kwa mpweya. The dziko owopsa, amene anamasulidwa pa migodi mobisa wa madipoziti mchere m'migodi phiri. Mkulu chiopsezo kuphulika kwa methane ndi khala beneficiation ndi briquetting zomera, komanso kusanja mafakitale.

zotsatira zokhudza thupi

Ngati kuchuluka kwa dziko mu mlengalenga ndi 5 peresenti 16, anakumana ndi mpweya akhoza akayaka dziko. Mu nkhani ya kuwonjezeka kwambiri mu chisakanizo cha mankhwala a kumachititsa kuphulika.

Ngati mpweya ndende ya alkane ndi peresenti 43, n'kumene suffocation.

Ndi kuphulika kafalitsidwe liwiro mamita kuchokera 500 mpaka 700 pa mphindi. Kamodzi dziko ndi analankhulana ndi gwero kutentha, alkane poyatsira ndondomeko amapezeka ndi ena amazengereza.

Icho chinali pa chuma pogwiritsa kupanga izi kuphulika-umboni zamagetsi ndi chitetezo cha zigawo zachiwawa.

Popeza dziko ndiyo thermally khola zimalimbikitsa hydrocarbon, izo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito monga mafuta mafakitale ndi zoweta ndi amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chuma chamtengo wapatali yaiwisi mankhwala kaphatikizidwe. The structural chilinganizo cha ethyl-Tri-dziko amadziwika mbali structural a m'gulu limeneli la chimasanduka.

Mu ndondomeko ya mankhwala anachita ndi chlorine malinga ndi cheza ultraviolet ungadzakhazikitsidwe mankhwala angapo anachita. Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa chuma kuyambira mwina M'MALO amalandira chloromethane, chloroform, mpweya tetrachloride.

Mu nkhani ya kuyaka chosakwanira cha dziko anapanga mwaye. Formaldehyde aumbike mwa mlandu wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni othandizira. Zimene chomaliza mankhwala ndi mpweya disulfide ndi sulfure.

Katundu dziko kapangidwe

Kodi chilinganizo ake structural? Dziko amatanthauza chimasanduka zimalimbikitsa ndi ambiri chilinganizo C _N H _{2n + 2.} Taganizirani makamaka molekyulu mapangidwe kufotokoza mmene chilinganizo structural aumbike.

Dziko wapangidwa ndi chimodzi mpweya atomu ndipo maatomu anayi a hydrogen zinalumikizana pamodzi ndi covalent chomangira dipole mphindi. Tikufotokozera kukonza zochokera structural maatomu mitunduyi mpweya.

View mwakusakaniza

Kapangidwe okhudza malo a dziko yodziwika ndi dongosolo tetrahedral. Popeza kunja pa ma elekitironi mpweya anayi valence, elekitironi kusintha kumachitika pa Kutentha atomu ndi wachiwiri m-orbitals pa p. Chifukwa, otsiriza mphamvu mlingo pa mpweya ili anayi unpaired ( "ufulu") ya elekitironi lapansi. Full structural chilinganizo cha dziko zachokera chakuti mapangidwe mitambo anayi hybrid amene zochokera mu danga pa makona a madigiri 109 mphindi 28, kupanga dongosolo tetrahedron. Komanso pali toyalana mfundo mitambo hybrid ndi sanali hybrid maatomu mitambo wa hydrogen.

Full structural chilinganizo ndi condensed dziko kwathunthu akukumana Butlerova chiphunzitso. Pakati mpweya ndi wa hydrogen njira yosavuta (osakwatira) Ubwenzi kuti zochita mankhwala si kugwirizana lililonse.

Pansipa ndi mtheradi structural chilinganizo. Mpweya umene umapanga - ndi nthumwi loyamba la kalasi ya chimasanduka zimalimbikitsa, lili katundu lililonse kuchepetsa alkane. Kandalama chilinganizo E ndi methane kutsimikizira mtundu wa mwakusakaniza mpweya atomu mu nkhaniyi organic.

Pa njira umagwirira sukulu

kalasi ya chimasanduka, woimira omwe ndi "dambo mpweya", anaphunzira maphunziro a kalasi 10 a sekondale. Mwachitsanzo, ana akufuna ntchito zotsatirazi khalidwe: "Lembani mitunduyi structural wa dziko". Iwo ayenera kumvetsa kuti yekha zambiri structural kasinthidwe kwa mankhwala akhoza utoto pa chiphunzitso Butlerova.

chilinganizo wake adzafupikitsidwa adzakhala yemweyo monga maselo, wolembedwa mu mawonekedwe a CH4. Mu latsopano mfundo feduro maphunziro amene woyikidwa mwa ziŵalo maphunziro Russian mu zofunika umagwirira Inde nkhani zonse zokhudza makhalidwe a makalasi zinthu organic, kumvetsa anaziika.

kaphatikizidwe mafakitale

Dziko ofotokoza njira mafakitale oterewa yofunika mankhwala chigawo yapangidwa monga acetylene. Maziko a matenthedwe kapena magetsi akulimbana zinafika chilinganizo ake structural. Dziko mu makutidwe ndi okosijeni othandizira la ammonia kupanga asidi hydrocyanic.

Ikani zinthu izi organic kwa kupanga kaphatikizidwe mpweya. Ndi kulabadira ndi nthunzi, chisakanizo cha mpweya monoxide ndi wa hydrogen, amene zipangizo malire kupanga a alcohols monohydric, carbonyl mankhwala.

Chofunika kwambiri ndi zimene acid nitric, chifukwa mu nitromethane.

The ntchito monga mafuta galimoto

Chifukwa cha kusowa zachilengedwe a chimasanduka, komanso impoverishment a m'munsi gwero, makamaka zogwirizana nkhani zokhudzana ndi kufunafuna (zina) magwero latsopano nkhuni. Mwina amenewa ndi biodiesel, zimene zinaphatikizapo kumeneko ndi dziko.

Popeza kusiyana ndi kolimba pakati pa mafuta mafuta ndi membala loyamba la kalasi ya alkanes, pali zinthu zina zokhudza mu ntchito yake monga gwero mphamvu injini ya galimoto. Pofuna kupewa kufunika kunyamula kuchuluka kwa methane, ndi psinjika kuonjezera kachulukidwe ake (pansi kufinya pafupifupi 250 atmospheres). Dziko kusungidwa mu boma liquefied mu zonenepa anaika mu galimoto.

Ndinakumana ndi mlengalenga

Takambirana kale chakuti dziko ali zimakhudza mmene kutentha. Ngati digiri ya zochita za mpweya monoxide (4) pa nyengo conventionally unatenga umodzi, ndiye kachigawo 'chithaphwi mpweya' ndi 23 mayunitsi. M'zaka ziwiri zapitazi, asayansi aona kuwonjezeka mu zili kachulukidwe wa dziko m'mlengalenga.

Panopa pafupifupi kuchuluka kwa _CH4 Akuti mbali 1.8 pa miliyoni. Ngakhale kuti chithunzi ichi nthawi 200 zosakwana pamaso pa carbon dioxide, pali kukambirana pakati pa asayansi za chiopsezo mwina misampha kutentha panamveka ndi dziko.

Chifukwa calorific kwambiri 'chithaphwi mpweya' ndi ntchito osati monga feedstock pogwira kaphatikizidwe mankhwala, komanso gwero mphamvu.

Mwachitsanzo, dziko ntchito zosiyanasiyana boilers gasi zipolopolo mizati, cholinga kachitidwe Kutentha munthu m'nyumba ndi nyumba zing'onozing'ono dziko.

Kudzifufuza-Kutentha mwina n'kopindulitsa kwambiri kwa eni nyumba, osati zokhudzana ndi ngozi, mwadongosolo zikuchitika mu kachitidwe centralized magetsi. Chifukwa mpweya kukatentha ukugwira ntchito pa mtundu anapatsidwa kwa mafuta, ndi zokwanira kwa mphindi 15-20 kuti kutenthetsa bwino ziwiri storey nyumba.

Pomaliza

Methane, structural ndi kachitidwe maselo amene apatsidwa pamwamba, gwero zachilengedwe mphamvu. Chifukwa chakuti amaphatikizapo kokha mpweya ndi wa hydrogen maatomu, zachilengedwe kuzindikira chitetezo chilengedwe hydrocarbon zimalimbikitsa.

M'mikhalidwe muyezo (mpweya kutentha kwa madigiri 20 Celsius ndi mavuto 101325 Pa) thunthu ndi gaseous, si poizoni, madzi insoluble.

Ngati kutentha mpweya adatchithisira digiri -161, ndi wothinikizidwa dziko kuti chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu makampani.

Mpweya umene umapanga ndi mbali yaikulu pa thanzi la munthu. Si chinthu poizoni, koma ndi mpweya lokhuthala lolepheretsa anthu kupuma. Pali ngakhale malire (Mac) zomwe zili zinthu mankhwala mu mlengalenga.

Mwachitsanzo, ntchito m'migodi ndi ankaloledwa pa nthawi imene kuchuluka alibe olumpha pa mita kiyubiki kuti mamiligalamu 300. Kusanthula maonekedwe a dongosolo la nkhaniyi organic zotheka kunena kuti angafanane katundu mankhwala ndi thupi ndi ziwalo zina zonse za gulu la zimalimbikitsa (malire) chimasanduka.

Ife kusanthula chilinganizo structural, kapangidwe okhudza malo a dziko. Magazi mndandanda limene limayamba "chithaphwi mpweya" ali ambiri maselo chilinganizo C _N H _{2n + 2.}