Iron mankhwala. Hardware: thupi ndi mankhwala katundu

The mankhwala woyamba wa chitsulo ndi kasakaniza wazitsulo zake anapeza zafukulidwa ndi tsiku kuyambira 4 Zakachikwi BC. Kuti mwa Aiguputo akale ndi Sumerians ntchito madipoziti meteoric zinthu kutulutsa zodzikongoletsera ndi banja katundu, komanso zida.

Masiku ano, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala chitsulo ndi zitsulo wangwiro - ichi ndi chuma ambiri ndi ntchito. Nzosadabwitsa XX m'ma chitsulo ankaona. Inde, mpaka kubwera ndi pulasitiki ambiri ndi zipangizo zokhudzana ndi vuto ili ndi yofunika zikuluzikulu anthu. Kodi mchitidwe yogwira ndi imene imagwiritsidwa thunthu, tikambirana pepala ili.

Chemical mchitidwe chitsulo

Ngati tikambirana kapangidwe ka atomu, izo poyamba mwachindunji malo ake mu dongosolo nthawi.

1. Siriyo chiwerengero - 26.
2. Nyengo - wachinayi waukulu.
3. Gulu la eyiti, subgroup kumzere wakumbali.
4. Atomiki kulemera - 55,847.
5. Kapangidwe ka zipolopolo kunja pakompyuta amaimira mfundo 3D ⁶ 4S ^2.
6. Chemical mchitidwe chizindikiro - Fe.
7. Dzina - chitsulo, kuwerenga chilinganizo - "Ferrum".
8. Mu chikhalidwe, pali anayi isotopes khola la zinthu ndi manambala misa 54, 56, 57, 58.

Chemical mchitidwe chitsulo alinso 20 isotopes osiyana kuti si wolimba. N'zotheka makutidwe ndi okosijeni amene angathe kuonetsa yogwira atomu:

• 0;
• +2;
• 3;
• 6.

Zofunika si chinthu wokha, komanso mankhwala zosiyanasiyana ndi kasakaniza wazitsulo.

thupi katundu

Monga mankhwala osavuta, chitsulo thupi katundu ali metallism kutchulidwa. Ndiko kuti, siliva woyera ndi imvi kulocha zitsulo ndi malleability mkulu ndi ductility ndi mkulu limatsogolera ndi mfundo kuwira. Ngati tikambirana makhalidwe mwatsatanetsatane, ndiye:

• Limatsogolera mfundo - 1 539 ⁰ C;
• Otentha - 2862 ⁰ C;
• Ntchito - pafupifupi;
• refractoriness - mkulu;
• zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho kutchulidwa katundu maginito.

Malinga ndi zikhalidwe ndi kutentha, pali zosintha angapo imene imagwiritsidwa chitsulo. thupi katundu wa iwo amasiyana chakuti osiyana crystalline latisi.

1. Alfa mtundu, kapena ferrite alipo kwa kutentha 769 ⁰ C.
2. Kuchokera 769 mpaka 917 ⁰ C - beta mawonekedwe.
3. 917-1394 ⁰ C - Popanga madzi a gamma-mtundu, kapena austenite.
4. Pamwamba 1394 ⁰ C - Sigma chitsulo.

zosintha onse ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana galasi latisi Kapangidwe, komanso katundu osiyana maginito.

katundu mankhwala

Monga tanena chitsulo pawiri yosavuta akusonyeza mkulu reactivity. Komabe, mu mawonekedwe finely anagawa amatha zokha azinyadira mu mpweya ndi mpweya koyera akutentha zitsulo yokha.

luso dzimbiri ndi mkulu, kotero kasakaniza wazitsulo ataphimbidwa ndi ichi mankhwala alloying mankhwala. Iron amatha kucheza ndi:

• zidulo;
• mpweya (kuphatikizapo mpweya);
• sulfure;
• halogens;
• pamene usavutike - asafe, phosphorous, mpweya ndi pakachitsulo;
• salt ndi zitsulo zochepa zotakasika, kubwezeretsa iwo ndi zinthu zophweka;
• pachimake nthunzi;
• ndi mchere wa ayironi mu boma makutidwe ndi okosijeni +3.

Mwachionekere, kusonyeza ntchito zimenezi, akhoza kupanga mankhwala osiyanasiyana zitsulo ndi kumalo ozizira zosiyanasiyana katundu. Ndipo zikuchitikadi. Iron ndi mankhwala ake zosiyana kwambiri ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana za sayansi, luso, anthu mafakitale ntchito.

Kufalitsa m'chilengedwe

Natural mankhwala a chitsulo ndi zachilendo, chifukwa ndi wachiwiri wambiri amafotokozera padzikoli zotayidwa. Mu koyera mawonekedwe a zitsulo n'kovuta kwambiri mu meteorites, kusonyeza masango ikuluikulu ndi danga. Mtokoma wa zikuchokera ali ores, miyala ndi mchere.

Ngati ife kulankhula za kuchuluka kwa zinthu m'chilengedwe, n'zotheka kufotokoza kanjedza zotsatirazi.

1. The mtima wa mapulaneti lapadziko - 90%.
2. Pansi pa Dziko Lapansi - 5%.
3. M'malaya dziko lapansi - 12%.
4. Dziko akuzionetsa - 86%.
5. The madzi mtsinje - 2 mg / L.
6. Mu nyanja ndipo nyanja - 0,02 mg / L.

The yofala kwambiri chitsulo mankhwala mchere zotsatirazi:

• magnetite;
• limonite ndi limonite;
• vivianite;
• pyrrhotite;
• galasi;
• siderite;
• marcasite;
• loellingite;
• mispikel;
• milanterit ndi ena.

N'chinthu si wathunthu mndandanda, chifukwa iwo ali kwenikweni kwambiri. Komanso, kasakaniza wazitsulo ambiri zosiyanasiyana zimene analenga munthu. Izinso, mankhwala ngati chitsulo, popanda zomwe n'zovuta moyo ukanakhala anthu amakono. Zikuphatikizapo mitundu iwiri yaikulu:

• kuponyedwa chitsulo;
• zitsulo.

Komanso, ndi Kuwonjezera wapatali chitsulo zikuchokera kasakaniza wazitsulo ambiri faifi tambala.

mankhwala zachitsulo (II)

Awa ndi anthu amene boma makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndi +2 kupanga chinthu. Iwo mokwanira ambiri, chifukwa iwo monga:

• okusayidi;
• hydroxide;
• bayinare pawiri;
• zovuta mchere;
• zovuta mankhwala.

The mitunduyi ya mankhwala amene chionetsero anati chitsulo makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma lililonse kalasi la munthu. Taganizirani ofunika kwambiri ndi wamba.

1. Iron okusayidi (II). Black ufa, insoluble m'madzi. Chikhalidwe cha kugwirizana - zofunikira. Mwamsanga oxidize Komabe, ndi kusanduka chinthu yosavuta Mukhozanso mosavuta. Amasungunula mu chidulo kupanga mchere kake. Chilinganizo - FeO.
2. Iron hydroxide (II). Ndi woyera amorphous precipitate. Salt popangidwa ndi anachita ndi zapansi (soda). Akusonyeza katundu ofooka zofunika, amatha mofulumira oxidized mu mpweya mankhwala chitsulo +3. Chilinganizo - Fe (o) _2.
3. Salt amafotokozera mu anati makutidwe ndi okosijeni. Iwo amakhala wotumbululuka wobiriwira njira bwino oxidized ngakhale mu mlengalenga, kupeza woderapo mtundu ndipo popitapita kwa 3. Chitsulo mchere kusungunuka m'madzi. Zitsanzo za mankhwala: FeCL _2, FeSO _4, Fe (NO _{3) 2.}

Tanthauzo othandiza mwa zinthu zaikidwa ndi mankhwala zambiri. Choyamba, chitsulo mankhwala enaake (II). Ndi zofunika waukulu ayoni mu thupi, magazi m'thupi la wodwalayo. Pamene matenda anapezeka wodwalayo, iye Kwalamulidwa kukonzekera zovuta, zomwe ndi zochokera pawiri mu funso. Kotero pali kubwezeretsa akusowa chitsulo m'thupi.

Kachiwiri, chitsulo sulphate i.e. akakhala akumwa (II), ndi mkuwa ntchito kupha tizirombo pa mbewu. njira likutsimikizira kuti azigwira si zaka khumi, kotero kwambiri waife wamaluwa.

mchere Mohr a

pawiri imeneyi, yomwe ndi hydrated chitsulo sulphate ndi ammonium. Chilinganizo ake opezeka monga FeSO ₄ * (NH _{4) 2 4} * 6H ₂ O. wina wa mankhwala chitsulo (II), omwe ankagwiritsa ntchito mu ntchito. M'madera chachikulu cha ntchito ayenera kukhala munthu.

1. Pharmaceutics.
2. maphunziro Scientific ndi kusanthula zasayansi titrimetric (kudziwa zili chromium, permanganate potassium vanadium).
3. Medicine - monga zowonjezera mu chakudya pansi kusowa kwa ayironi mu thupi la wodwalayo.
4. Pakuti impregnation katundu matabwa, monga mchere Mohr a amateteza njira kuwonongeka.

Pali mbali zina ziti zomwe thunthu ntchito. Dzinali izo chikutchedwa wa sayansi German, woyamba anatulukira katundu anasonyeza.

Zinthu zina mwa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa chitsulo (III)

The katundu wa mankhwala chitsulo chimene akusonyeza digiri ya makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa +3, akusiyanako zimene takambirana pamwambapa. Choncho, chikhalidwe cha okusayidi chogwirizana ndi hydroxide si zikuluzikulu ndi amphoteric chionetsedwe. Tiyeni kufotokoza zinthu zofunika kwambiri.

1. Iron okusayidi (III). Ufa wosalala-grained, pabuka-bulauni mtundu. The madzi insoluble, ofooka acidic mapulogalamu katundu wambiri amphoteric. Chilinganizo: Fe ₂ O _3.
2. Iron hydroxide (III). A mankhwala kuti precipitate pa zochita za alkalis kwa salt lolingana chitsulo. Chikhalidwe cha amphoteric wake chitaperekedwa mtundu bulauni-bulauni. Chilinganizo: Fe (o) _3.
3. Salt monga cation Fe ^3+. kuchuluka amenewa allocated, kupatula carbonate, monga hydrolysis amapezeka ndi kubala mpweya. Zitsanzo za zina mchere wa chilinganizo: Fe (NO _{3) 3,} Fe ₂ (CHONCHO _{4) 3,} FeCL _3, FeBr _3, ndi ena.

Mwa zitsanzo zopindulitsa ndi ofunika crystalline ngati FeCL _{3 *} 6H ₂ O, kapena ferric mankhwala enaake hexahydrate (III). Ndi ntchito mankhwala kuchepetsa kutaya mwazi ndi kubwezeretsa ayoni chitsulo thupi milandu magazi m'thupi.

Nonahydrate chitsulo sulphate (III) ntchito kuyeretsa madzi akumwa, monga amachita zinthu ngati coagulant a.

mankhwala zachitsulo (VI)

Chilinganizo mankhwala mankhwala yachitsulo, kumene kuwawonetsera inayake makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma +6, akhoza olembedwa motere:

• K ₂ FeO _4;
• Na ₂ FeO _4;
• MgFeO ₄ ndi ena.

Iwo onse ndi dzina wamba - ferrates - ndipo ndi katundu zofanana (amphamvu kuchepetsa wothandizila). iwo amathanso mankhwala ndipo ndi zotsatira bactericidal. Ichi chizathandiza ntchito zawo zochizira madzi akumwa pamlingo mafakitale.

mankhwala ovuta

zofunika kwambiri umagwirira mawunikidwe, osati ndi zinthu zapadera. Chotero kuti mtundu mu njira amadzimadzi mchere. Izi pawiri zovuta ya chitsulo. Wotchuka kwambiri komanso kuphunzira za izi ndi zotsatirazi.

1. Hexacyanoferrate (II) potaziyamu K ₄ [Fe (CN) _6]. dzina lina kugwirizana - chikasu magazi mchere. Izo ntchito mtima Mkhalidwe wa ion chitsulo njira Fe ^3+. Chifukwa cha njira amakhala okongola yowala mtundu buluu apangidwa ndi zovuta zina - Prussian buluu KFe ³⁺ [Fe ²⁺ (CN) _6]. Kuyambira kale ntchito monga utoto kwa nsalu.
2. Hexacyanoferrate (III) potaziyamu K ₃ [Fe (CN) _6]. dzina lina - ofiira mchere. Ntchito ngati Mkhalidwe mtima reagent Fe ²⁺ ayoni chitsulo. Chifukwa ndi precipitate buluu ndi dzina turnbuleva buluu. Ankagwiritsidwanso ntchito monga utoto kwa nsalu.

Iron ndi gawo la zinthu organic

Iron ndi mankhwala ake, monga mmene taonera, ndi zofunika kwambiri zothandiza pa moyo chuma cha munthuyo. Komabe, kuwonjezera, udindo wake kwachilengedwenso mu thupi si zochepa kwambiri, ndithu mwake.

Pali zofunika kwambiri organic pawiri, mapuloteni, womwenso zinthu yogwira. hemoglobin izi. Ndi uyamiko kwa Iye akupita pa mayendedwe a mpweya ndipo anapanga yunifolomu ndi kuwombola yake mpweya. Choncho, udindo wa chitsulo kwambiri m'thupi - kupuma - ndi yaikulu.

Basi mkati thupi la munthu lili 4 magalamu a ayironi amene ayenera nthawi zonse kudzadza mwa chakudya ankadya.