Ndi Karaites ndi ndani? Magwero a Karaites

ndi Karaites ndi ndani? Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa anthu ambiri wakale wa dziko, ndi mbiri zinatenga zaka zoposa khumi. Oimira dziko kuti tsopano angapezeke mu Poland, Lithuania ndi Ukraine.

Mbiri ya anthu

More 4 Zakachikwi BC. e. Dera aku Iran inathetsedwa mafuko Turkic. Lotsatira anali pantchito zawo ku East, mpaka pakati pa Mesopotamia. M'dera lino, mafuko anagawanika. Mmodzi wa iwo anabwerera ku South, kumene iwo anapanga boma Chisumeriya. The chachiwiri kutsogoleredwa ndi Chief Black anakhala phata la mtundu tsogolo - Karaites. Mbali imeneyi ya mafuko anakhazikika m'dera la Mphambano pano Turkey, Syria ndi Iraq.

Mu masiku amenewo, Karaites anali anthu okhawo amene ndi osaphunzira. Malinga ndi asayansi, choncho panali dzina. Ndipotu, mawu akuti "chilango" m'chilankhulo cha kukhala m'madera oyandikana Semites ankatanthauza kuti "werengani".

M'mbiri yonse ya linakhalapo, anthu awa anali gawo la limati zosiyanasiyana. Poyambirira, inali Ufumu Mhiti. Atamwalira - Asuri. Kenako Karaite anthu anali gawo la ufumu wa Perisiya ndi Parfanskogo.

Pakati 2 1 m'ma BC. e. gawo la Karaites anasiya anthu ake ndipo anakakhala ku dera la Middle East. Komabe, wakhala chidwi chipembedzo pa anthu a m'dera.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti Karaites anthu ankakonda kuthetsa m'mapanga. Chitsanzo cha ichi atha kutumikira ngati mizinda ngati Dzhuft Kale ndi Mangup-Kale. Akatswiri ena akugwira Karaite chiyambi amanena kuti Namwali Mariya, amene akufuna kubereka Khristu mu mphanga.

Chiyambi cha nthawi yathu ino zinali zodzaza ndi patsogolo kuti mtundu kumpoto. Karaites anadutsa lokwera Caucasus n'kukakhala kudera la pano Dagestan. Kutsegula njira zimenezi zinachitika m'nthawi ya chiwiri pamene nkhondo ya Aluya. Karaites kuti teamed ndi mafuko Turkic. Pa nthawi yomweyo, iwo analengedwa ndi Khazar Khanate, omwe unatha iye anaukira ndi Crimea Chitata. Karaites anataya ambiri a anthu ake.

Mamembala kupulumuka wa dziko lino anayamba kulamulidwa ndi Aisiraeli. Pa nthawi yomweyo pafupi imawonongeka, koma anthu ambiri otukuka, osati miyambo ndi, komanso chinenero anaitenga ku Chitata. Karaites popanda chifukwa ankaona anthu ambiri woyenera. Akutsimikiza kuti akadali chinenero cha Crimea Chitata ali kusiyana kwakukulu kwa chilankhulo cha anthu ena a mtundu anapatsidwa.

Mawu akuti "chilango" amatanthauza osati anthu. Mawu amenewa ntchito poyerekezera ndi nthumwi iliyonse mtundu kudzinenera karaites ziphunzitso.

lachipembedzo

Mfundo yakuti pali gulu ngati Karaites, anatchula m'zaka za m'ma 8 ku Baghdad. Ndi tsiku imeneyi ku kutchula koyamba kwa ena achipembedzo achiyuda mpatuko ananitov. Cholinga cha m'deralo anali kugwirizanitsa onse ataya magulu awo kukopa Ayuda pansi pa mbendera ya malangizo antiravvanisticheskogo. Mutu wa gulu la mpatuko uwu, anan chiletso Davide, analonjeza anthu ake onse ufulu wonse kuphunzira ziphunzitso za Mose, napempha m'malo a negation wa Talmud, komanso kulambira Torah, monga buku loyera yekha.

Magwero a Karaites, komanso zokhudza chikhulupiriro ndi moyo wawo umboni m'buku lakuti "Eshkol ha Cofer" olembedwa Yuhudoy Hadassi (1147).

Mu ntchito iyi, wolemba mwachidule makhalidwe mwambo wa dziko lino, komanso kutsutsana, limene adaperekeza pakati pa nthumwi ya anthu ndi Akhristu.

About amene Karaites, ndipo bukhu limatiuza "Adderet Eliya" lomwe linalembedwa ndi Eliya Ben Mose Bashyachi. Mu ntchito iyi, limene linatuluka pa zaka za m'ma 15, muli nkhani mwatsatanetsatane za amachita miyambo ya malipoti mtundu.

etymology

Poyambirira, mawu akuti "chilango" dziko lathu anatanthauza okha chipembedzo. Iwo amanena kuti zipembedzo ndipo analibe kanthu kochita ndi dziko. Zonse zinasintha m'nyengo Soviet. Iyo inali nthawi imene chipembedzo sanatchulidwepo kulikonse. Pa nkhani imeneyi, ndipo panali kuphatikiza mawu akuti "Karaites" kwa dzina la fuko la anthu.
Kodi mawu akuti "Kara" lero? Iwo anatsimikiza mtundu mosatengera kuti chipembedzo. Nthawi zina akuti "chilango" limasonyeza amayanjana wongodzinenera, wosafuna kutenga nkhani mtundu wa munthu.

chiphunzitso Ayuda

Malinga ndi ena mfundo, ndi Karaites dziko zichokela ku Chiyuda ethno-zinenero gulu kuti analalikira dotalmudichesky Chiyuda. chiphunzitso chimenechi mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 19. Ndipo lagawidwa ndi Karaites. Today chiphunzitso chimenechi umamumvera kutsutsa lakuthwa kwa atsogoleri a fuko. Si anthu amapereka mwa anthu ambiri ammudzi Karaite. Komabe, kumbali ya chiyambi Ayuda chiphunzitso mpaka pano tsopano. Iwo anakhalabe mu Ukraine ndi Crimea.

chiphunzitso Turkic

Pali kopanda kuti mtundu wa Karaites anachokera ku Khazars. A Turkic anthu woyendayendawu (7-10 CC.), Wotembenukira ku Chiyuda.

Chiphunzitsochi anali atapereka ndi V. V. Grigorevym (Russian orientalist), muli kufalitsa mu 1846 Mu Baibulo 20 m'zaka za Khazar magwero a Karaites anazindikira sayansi Soviet. Mungafune chiphunzitso chotere, ndi atsogoleri mitundu gulu, amene amakana ubale ndi anthu ake Chiyuda ndi Ayuda. Komabe, ambiri achipembedzo Karaites Khazar Version anakumana ndi kutsutsa. Popanda kumakana kukhalako kwa zinthu Turkic mu anachokera, sizigwirizana ndi chiphunzitso Khazar. Pakali pano, ife samagwirizana ndi buku lino, ndi asayansi ambiri.

Ana a Khazars zambiri amadziona Karaites, Krymchaks ndi Mountain Ayuda. Ndipo Baibulo ili ali ndi ufulu kulibe. chakuti Karaites, Krymchaks ndi Mountain Ayuda mu zilankhulo zawo, ena zinthu za Chuvash (Khazar). Mokomera Baibulo ili ndi mbali ya chipembedzo ndi. Krymchaks, komanso Khazars, amati Orthodox Chiyuda ravvanistichesky.

chiphunzitso kupanga

Pali yankho lina kwa funso la amene Karaites. Chibwenzi, lomwe Chili Turkic ndi chiphunzitso Ayuda. Malinga ndi iye, fuko lino chifukwa cha kuyanjana Khazar-Crimea Bulgarians ndi Ayuda, Karaites. Timaika patsogolo chiphunzitso chimenechi Yufud Kokizov ndi Ilya Casas. Izi amadziwika Karaites ananena kuti mitundu gulu lake oimira iwo anali, sanathe wachinsinsi monga Semites zonse blooded.

Zikamera a kum'mawa kwa Ulaya

Pali maganizo amenewa mazana angapo Tartar ndi Karaite mabanja ayipanga Chilituyaniya kalonga Vytautas ku Crimea kwa resettlement awo ukulu wake. Komabe, asayansi ena (Peter Golden, Dan Shapiro ndi Golda Akhiezer) penapake chiphunzitso chosiyana anali akufuna. Malinga ndi ganizo loperekedwa awo, makolo a Karaites, moyo lero ku Eastern Europe, afika osati ku Crimea. Iwo anasiya dziko m'munsi Volga ndi Iran kumpoto, anagwidwa ndi asilikaliwa. Komanso, Karaites anafika ku Ulaya kuchokera Byzantium, komanso ku Ottoman.

Anthropology

Funso "Kodi Karaites?" Ndinayesera yankho ndipo akatswiri ambiri nawo kafukufuku wa munthu. Choncho, KATSWIRI Constantin Ikov mu 1880 wakhala anaphunzira za zitatu dazeni zigaza za thupi oimira Crimea a dziko lino. wopezeka mapeto anapangidwa pamaziko a deta kuti Karaites si a Semites. Iwo akhoza wachinsinsi monga brachycephalic.

miyeso anthropological wa oimira Chilituyaniya Karaites zinafufuzidwanso Yulianom Talko-GRINTZEVICH mu 1904

Mu 1910, izo anamaliza wasayansi Vitoldom Shreyberom kuti maganizo mitundu cha Karaites Semites wofooka. fuko lino, iye anatenga gulu Finno-Ugric.

Mu 1912 SA Weissenberg maphunziro atsopano maphunziro. Wasayansi poyerekeza mbali anthropological Krymchaks Ayuda ndi Karaites. Komabe, anapeza kuti chofanana magulu awiri otsiriza yosiyanasiyana.

Polish ndi Chilituyaniya Karaites zinafufuzidwanso mu 1934 Korrado Dzhini. Wasayansi anazindikira za kugwirizana fuko lino ndi Chuvash, ndipo chotero, ndi Khazars ndi Cumans.

Mu 1963, AN Pulyanosom zinali zodzaza Near mbali Eastern, amene maonekedwe awo Chilituyaniya Karaites (onani pansipa chithunzi).

Magazi likuyesetsa mamembala a gulu mitundu adamangidwa 1968. anapezazo inasonyeza kufanana kwa Karaites mu Lithuania ndi Egypt, amene anatsimikizira chiyambi cha anthu Mediterranean.

Mu 1971, Academician V. P. Alekseevym unachitikira craniologically kuphunzira anthu okhala mu tauni ya Khazar Sarkel. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, asayansi kuona kuti Karaite anthu chifukwa cha kuyanjana ndi anthu akomweko wa Khazars (Sarmatians, Alans, Goths).

Mu nthawi 2005 ndi 2013. phunziro anakumana anasaina majini za thupi Karaites twente eyiti. Deta analandira anasonyeza chiyambi Middle East mtundu ndi moyandikana ndi Eastern, Sephardic ndi Ashkenazi Ayuda. Phunziro anatsimikizira kufanana kwa kum'mawa ndiponso Aiguputo Karaites.

Waukulu kusiyana kunja gulu mitundu ndi akachita kutalika pafupifupi chifuwa waukulu, yosalala kapena pang'ono wavy tsitsi ndi maso mdima. Karaites ambiri (onani pansipa chithunzi) ndi ambiri thickens pansi mphuno ndi almond- maso zooneka, amene protrude ochepa.

oimira khungu la mtundu uwu ndi kuwala mthunzi chikasu.

Kugwirizana ndi Ayuda

Kwa nthawi yaitali Karaites anakhalabe chiphunzitso Ayuda cha chiyambi chake. Komabe, iwo sankamutsutsa chikhalidwe chawo Ayuda. Komabe, zinthu zinasintha pambuyo gawo anthu Karaites, anali linalanda ku Russian Ufumu. Popeza oimira imeneyi ankaona mafuko poyera kutsutsa yokha Ayuda. Atsogoleri Karaites dziko, anthu otchuka mu mabwalo chikhalidwe ndi ndale, anapereka rebuttal ziphunzitso Ayuda za chiyambi cha anthu ake. Kulimbikitsa azimuth izi zinachitika m'zaka za m'ma 20. Izi zinthu zabwino monga:

- Kumasuka, pamene anthu onse anali ufulu wofanana, kupatula Ayuda;
- zinenero kuloŵerera m'malo Chiheberi kulambira ndiponso m'malo izo ndi Karaite;
- kusamba Karaite luntha kuti Chikhristu;
- dejudaization Karaite anthu.

Oimira anthu a ku Soviet Union, ndipo lero akupitirizabe kutsutsa yokha kwa Ayuda.

chipembedzo

Karaism ndi m'derali amalambira motsatira miyambo dongosolo chikukhudza zikhulupiriro ndiponso zochita miyambo ndi mpatuko. Ndipo komabe chiri pafupi chiphunzitso cha lachipembedzo chimene chimatsatira anan Ben Davide. mfundo zake zofunika kwambiri:
- kukonda mzako ndi Mulungu;
- kulemekeza malamulo onse makhalidwe omwe apatsidwa mu Malemba Opatulika.

Pa nthawi yomweyo m'mbiri yonse ya anthu ofotokozedwa Karaite achipembedzo kulolerana. Iwo sanasoŵerepotu udani achipembedzo ziphunzitso zina, kukhulupirira kokha mu nkhani iyi munthu ili yoyenera ya moyo wakumwamba. ziwalo amalola chipembedzo Karaites kuima Chilituyaniya ndi Crimea chilengedwe ndipo si kuphatikiza ndi izo. Popanda kukokomeza, tikhoza kunena kuti chipembedzo wathandiza mtundu umenewu kusunga awo okhulupirika mitundu ndi chikhalidwe.

Mu ena mizinda ya Crimea adakali zotheka kuona kachisi (nyumba yopemphereramo) wa Karaites. Pa wapakamwa ake ali nyenyezi zisanu ndi zisonga. Komabe, iwo sakutchedwa m'sunagoge, kenassa. Lero awa nyumba ali anasiya kapena sizinagwire ntchito za cholinga chake.

oimira wotchuka wa fuko

Nthawi zonse anthu chikhalidwe ndi kulemba kuganizira Karaites. anthu otchuka a gulu mafuko amene anapanga zopereka kwambiri chitukuko cha dziko sayansi ndi mabuku. Mwa iwo Andron Senior ha-Rofe mwana Yosef, amene ankakhala 1260-1320 biennium. Iye anali nzeru zapamwamba ndi loya, wolemba ndi dokotala, mapemphero ndakatulo ndi exegete. Chikhalidwe cha Andron anali wofatsa ndi lucid malingaliro. Ntchito nzeru zake zakuya ndi mosalekeza, analemba angapo ntchito wapatali. Mmodzi wa iwo ndi buku lakuti "Mivhar" imene ndemanga apatsidwa Torah. Ntchito imeneyi ndi chimodzi cha zabwino mwa Karaite ntchito.

nthumwi wina wanzeru wa anthu Karaim ndi Abkovich Rafael Avraamovich (1896-1992 gg.). Izi lotsiriza la hazzan Polish anakhazikitsa nthawi ya Wroclaw kenassa.

Karaite kudziwika onse chithunzi, woyang'anira ndi wofuna kuthandiza anali Bobovich Sima Solomonovich (1790-1855 gg.). Mu 1820, iye anali mutu wa mzinda Yalta. Mu 1837, iye anali wovomerezeka kukhala woyamba Crimea Gaham, ndipo chidakonzeka ndi wansembe mkulu wa Karaites.

Mwa oimira wotchuka kwambiri anthu awa ndi masamu wotchuka Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe, atsogoleri a asilikali ndi zisudzo, mapulani, aphunzitsi, madokotala, anthu ogwira ntchito zisudzo ndi zina zotero D..