Phagocytosis - ndichiyani? ndicho phagocytosis chiyani? magawo a phagocytosis

Choncho, phagocytosis - chiyani icho? Tiyeni tiyese kumvetsetsa tanthauzo la mawu amenewa. Mawu "phagocytosis" linachokera ku ziwiri Greek morpheme - phagos (kudya) ndi kytos (cell). Mayiko Medical akuti phagokytosis, mosiyana russified ali kumapeto osis, omwe anamasuliridwa kuchokera Greek ndi "njira" kapena "chodabwitsa." Choncho tanthauzo limeneli kwenikweni amatanthauza ndondomeko kuzindikira wothandizila yachilendo maselo yeniyeni, cholinga kayendedwe thereto, adani ndi mayamwidwe ndi pogawanikana pamawere wotsatira. M'nkhani ino tikambirana mfundo zazikulu za phagocytosis. ife kulankhula za kodi phagocytes, taganizirani masitepe ndi kupeza kusiyana phagocytosis wathunthu ndi chosakwanira.

Mbiri ya Kupezeka kwa maselo wapadera motile

The kwambiri Russian wasayansi - II Mechnikov mu 1882 - 1883 zaka. imachitika zatsopano pa chimbudzi okhudza maselo ambiri, kuphunzira mandala mphutsi za nyenyezi nyanja. Scientist ankadzifunsa ngati kukhala zamoyo multicellular luso mumpanda chakudya maselo osiyana. Ndi kupukusa bwino, monga kuchita mogwirizana monga amoeba. I. I. Mechnikov anakhala zinachitikira: kulowa mu Thupi la mphutsi za carmine ufa ndi kuwayang'ana padziko izi mbewu yaing'ono ofiira ngati magazi anakula selo khoma. Analanda ndi kuwameza utoto. Kenako wasayansi kungoganizira kuti chamoyo chilichonse ayenera maselo chitetezo chapadera, amene akhoza kuyamwa ndi kupukusa particles zina zoipa kwa thupi. Kutsimikiza amanena zawo, asayansi ntchito spikes pinki, amene anayambitsa mu thupi la mphutsi za starfish ndi. Patapita nthawi, akatswiri anapeza kuti maselo amacheza ndi minga, kuyesera kutsutsa "tizirombo" ndipo kanikizirani iwo. Zimenezi particles zoteteza anapeza mu thupi la mphutsi, ndi wasayansi wotchedwa phagocytes. Kupyolera m'machita chita ichi anaulula I. I. Mechnikov phagocytosis. Mu 1883, Iye anati anapeza wake kwa chiwiri Congress wa naturalists Russian. M'tsogolo, wasayansi anapitiriza kutumikira mbali iyi, analenga kudwala poyerekeza kutupa, komanso chiphunzitso phagocytic ya chitetezo chokwanira. Mu 1908, pamodzi ndi wasayansi Paulo Ehrlich, analandira Nobel Prize zofunika kafukufuku wawo kwachilengedwenso.

Chodabwitsa phagocytosis - ndichiyani?

I. I. Mechnikov amayang'ana ndi anaphunzira udindo wa phagocytosis pa mmene chitetezo cha anthu ndi nyama apamwamba. Asayansi apeza kuti ndondomeko imeneyi n'chofunikira kwambiri machiritso a zilonda zosiyanasiyana. Tizilombo Buku Dictionary akupereka tanthauzo zotsatirazi. Phagocytosis amagwira yosangalatsa, ndi mayamwidwe zinthu zakunja monga mabakiteriya ndi makombo selo microfungi, zamoyo unicellular kapena maselo yeniyeni (phagocytes), zikupezeka aliyense multicellular chamoyo. ndicho phagocytosis chiyani? Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti ndi mawonekedwe wamkulu wa chitetezo multicellular chamoyo. The anthu chitetezo uziyenda phagocytosis komanso imathandiza kwambiri. Iye anachita oyamba kumayambiriro zosiyanasiyana mavairasi, mabakiteriya ndi wothandizila ena achilendo. Phagocytes kosalekeza zimafala thupi lonse, kufunafuna "tizirombo". Pamene nthumwi yachilendo limatinso, kumanga nawo zolandilira. zimatenga Potero phagocyte tizilombo adzautaya.

magulu awiri aakulu maselo motile - "zokometsera"

Phagocytes nthawi zonse yogwira ndi wokonzeka nthawi iliyonse kuthana ndi gwero la matenda. Ali ndi kudziyimira pawokha, chifukwa iwo amachita ntchito zawo, osati mkati komanso kunja kwa thupi: padziko nembanemba wa mucous ndi m'madera a minofu zowonongeka. phagocytes anthu mu mawu a mogwira awo, asayansi m'magulu awiri - ndi "akatswiri" ndi "unprofessional". Choyamba ndi monocytes, neutrophils, macrophages, maselo Posakhalitsa, dendritic maselo ndi minofu. Akuluakulu mafoni phagocytic maselo ndi maselo magazi woyera - maselo oyera. Iwo amasamuka kuti cholinga yotupa ndi kukhazikitsa ntchito zoteteza. Phagocytosis kumatanthauza kudziwika leukocytes, mayamwidwe ndi chiwonongeko cha zinthu mlendo, komanso akufa kapena kuonongeka okha maselo ake. Pambuyo ntchito yawo ya maselo oyera kusamukira ku m'magazi, ndipo akupitiriza zimafala m'magazi, ndi zina - chokuchititsani aputosisi kapena kusintha dystrophic. gulu "Unprofessional" tichipeza fibroblasts ndi reticular maselo za indofeliyamu, amene otsika phagocytic ntchito.

The ndondomeko ya phagocytosis: gawo loyamba

Taganizirani mmene ndondomeko kulamulira zamoyo zoipa. Asayansi kudziwa magawo anayi a phagocytosis. Woyamba ndi mgwirizano: phagocyte akuyandikira kwa chinthu chatsopano. Izi mwina chifukwa kugunda mwangozi kapena chifukwa cha yogwira mbali kayendedwe - chemotaxis. Pali mitundu iwiri ya chemotaxis - zabwino (kwa phagocytes) ndi zoipa (kayendedwe ka phagocytes). Childs, chemotaxis zabwino kupita malo kuwonongeka minofu, komanso chifukwa cha tizilombo ting'onoting'ono ndi chakudya chawo.

Kum'mamatira phagocytes ndi wothandizila yachilendo

Pambuyo mgwirizano kletki "mtetezi" ndi tinthu kupondeleza yachiwiri akuyamba. Iye kum'mamatira. Phagocyte kufika nkhani ikugwilizirana ndi kufunana. Mwachitsanzo, maselo oyera a magazi, amene anafika ku likulu la kutupa ndi adherent khoma chotengera, siziboola kutali, ngakhale ngakhale otaya mathamangidwe lalikulu. limagwirira guluu wolimba imagwiridwa ndi anthu padziko mlandu phagocyte. Monga ulamuliro, ndi zoipa, ndipo pamwamba pa zinthu phagocyte ndithu mlandu. Pankhaniyi, pali guluu wolimba kwambiri. particles zoipa mlandu Mwachitsanzo, chotupa, akugwidwa ndi phagocytes kwambiri poipa. Komabe, pali kum'mamatira particles amenewa. Timachita ntchito kupyolera zochita za mucopolysaccharides, alipo padziko phagocytes zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana komanso ndi kuchepetsa kukhuthala cytoplasm ndi enveloping whey wothandizila yachilendo.

Mbali yachitatu ya phagocytosis

Pambuyo ubwenzi yachilendo chinthu phagocyte akuyamba mayamwidwe ake, amene angayambe mu njira ziwiri. Pa nsonga ya mgwirizano wa lina chipolopolo chinthu, ndiyeno chinthu limachokera mu selo. Choncho chinthu atsekedwa m'mbali ufulu nembanemba, ndipo pambuyo pake alibe vacuole anapanga chikukhudza mkati tinthu osafunika. The chachiwiri mayamwidwe njira - pakutchulidwa wa pseudopodia, particles ena ndi enveloping popiringidzana pa iwo. Chifukwa, iwo akachita mu vacuoles mwa maselo. Monga ulamuliro, mothandizidwa ndi phagocytes pseudopodia kuyamwa microfungi. Anabweza kapena enveloping njiru chinthu imatheka chifukwa mthunzi anapatsidwa katundu phagocyte contractile.

Okhudza maselo ambiri pogawanikana pamawere a "tizilombo"

Mbali chachinayi ikukhudza phagocytosis wa chimbudzi okhudza maselo ambiri. Izi zimachitika motere. The vacuole munali particles akunja monga lysosomes ndi zovuta za michere m'mimba adamulowetsa ndipo anatsanulira. Izi amalenga malo amene pogawanikana pamawere amapezeka mosavuta kwachilengedwenso macromolecules ribonuclease, amylase, protease ndi lipase. Chifukwa imayendetsa michere chimbudzi ndi kuwonongedwa kumachitika, kenako amasulidwe mankhwala vacuole kudzitsitsa. Tsopano inu mukudziwa zomwe magawo anayi a phagocytosis. Chitetezo cha m'thupi ikuchitika mu magawo: loyamba mgwirizano phagocyte ndi chinthu, ndiye kukopeka, i.e. makonzedwe a particles osafunika padziko lapansi "Woteteza" ndipo pambuyo pake - mayamwidwe ndi chimbudzi cha tizilombo lapansi.

Chosakwanira ndipo wathunthu phagocytosis. kusiyana awo?

Malinga ndi zimene zotsatira zake zidzakhala za okhudza maselo ambiri chimbudzi cha particles yachilendo, mitundu iwiri ya anachira - wathunthu ndi chosakwanira phagocytosis. Chinthu choyamba udzatha chiwonongeko chotheratu ndi kuwonongedwa kwa mankhwala kudzitsitsa chilengedwe. Chosakwanira phagocytosis - ndichiyani? The mawu otanthauza kuti maselo mlendo ndi chosakanikirana ndi phagocytes, kukhala yotheka. Iwo akhoza kuwononga vacuole, kapena ntchito monga "nthaka" kwa kuswana. Chitsanzo cha phagocytosis chosakwanira ndi kutengedwa gonococcal mu thupi, amene alibe chitetezo chokwanira kwa iwo. Pamene tizilombo toyambitsa matenda chosakwanira ndi phagocytosis wa phagocytes kusungidwa mkati, ndi kufalikira thupi lonse. Choncho, mu malo a limagwirira poteteza phagocytosis amakhala wochititsa matenda, kuthandiza tizirombo kufalitsa ndi kuchulukitsa.

Zimayambitsa okhudza maselo ambiri ndondomeko chimbudzi

Phagocytosis Violation kumachitika chifukwa cha zopindika mapangidwe phagocytes komanso yimitsira za ntchito ya mafoni kletok- "amateteza". Komanso kusintha chowawa mu chimbudzi okhudza maselo ambiri mwina chifukwa matenda otengera, monga matenda ndi Alder Chedyaka-Higashi. Violation mapangidwe phagocytes, kuphatikizapo kusinthika kwa leukocytes, nthawi zambiri kumachitika pamene cheza kukhudzana kapena chifukwa neutropenia cholowa. Yimitsira ntchito phagocytes kumachitika chifukwa chakuchepa mahomoni ena, electrolytes ndi mavitamini. Komanso poizoni glycolytic ndi poizoni tating'onoting'ono kusokoneza ntchito kwa phagocytes. Tikukhulupirira, nkhani imeneyi, inu mosavuta muyankhe funso ili: "? Phagocytosis - ndichiyani". Zabwino zonse!